{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T04:05:23Z","timestamp":1772856323175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Localization is one of the most important issues associated with underwater acoustic sensor networks, especially when sensor nodes are randomly deployed. Given that it is difficult to deploy beacon nodes at predetermined locations, localization schemes with a mobile beacon on the sea surface or along the planned path are inherently convenient, accurate, and energy-efficient. In this paper, we propose a new range-free Localization with a Mobile Beacon (LoMoB). The mobile beacon periodically broadcasts a beacon message containing its location. Sensor nodes are individually localized by passively receiving the beacon messages without inter-node communications. For location estimation, a set of potential locations are obtained as candidates for a node\u2019s location and then the node\u2019s location is determined through the weighted mean of all the potential locations with the weights computed based on residuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120505486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T11:08:11Z","timestamp":1335524891000},"page":"5486-5501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Localization with a Mobile Beacon in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sangho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Mechatronics, Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, WCU, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kiseon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Mechatronics, Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, WCU, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10738","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110738","article-title":"Sensor network architectures for monitoring underwater pipelines","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/s21100455","article-title":"Design of a wireless sensor network for long-term, in-situ monitoring of an aqueous environment","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/48.820738","article-title":"Underwater acoustic networks","volume":"25","author":"Sozer","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2009.80","article-title":"3D underwater sensor network localization","volume":"8","author":"Teymorian","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2009.08.005","article-title":"Efficient localization for large-scale underwater sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.912142","article-title":"Silent positioning in underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"57","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, W., Thaeler, A., Cheng, X., Liu, F., Lu, X., and Lu, Z. (2009, January 22\u201326). Time-Synchronization Free Localization in Large Scale Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2009.79"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Cui, J.H., Zhou, Z., and Bagtzoglou, A. (2007, January 14). Scalable Localization with Mobility Prediction for Underwater Sensor Networks. Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirza, D., and Schurgers, C. (2008, January 15). Motion-Aware Self-Localization for Underwater Networks. San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1410107.1410117"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mirza, D., and Schurgers, C. (October, January 30). Collaborative Localization for Fleets of Underwater Drifters. Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar, V., and Seah, W. (2006, January 16\u201319). An Area Localization Scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks. Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSAP.2006.4393969"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., He, J., Chen, K., Chen, J., and Liang, A. (2009, January 6\u20138). An area localization Scheme for large scale Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Kunming, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CMC.2009.371"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erol, M., Vieira, L., and Gerla, M. (2007, January 14). Localization with DiveNRise (DNR) Beacons for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1287812.1287833"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erol, M., Vieira, L.F.M., Caruso, A., Paparella, F., Gerla, M., and Oktug, S. (2008, January 25\u201331). Multi Stage Underwater Sensor Localization Using Mobile Beacons. Cap Esterel, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2008.32"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erol, M., Vieira, L., and Gerla, M. (2007, January 1\u20133). AUV-Aided Localization for Underwater Sensor Networks. Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WASA.2007.34"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"28","article-title":"LDB: Localization with directional beacons for sparse 3D underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, A.A., and Heidemann, J. (2006, January 23\u201329). Time Synchronization for High Latency Acoustic Networks. Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.161"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, A.A., Ye, W., and Heidemann, J. (2008, January 13\u201318). T-Lohi: A New Class of MAC Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.55"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202309","article-title":"Design and implementation of an omni-directional underwater acoustic micro-modem based on a low-power micro-controller unit","volume":"12","author":"Won","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lurton, X. (2002). An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics\u2014Principles and Applications, Springer, Praxis Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Broch, J., Maltz, D.A., Johnson, D.B., Hu, Y.C., and Jetcheva, J.G. (, January July). A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols. Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.081628","article-title":"A three dimensional localization algorithm for underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Isik","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, W., Teymorian, A.Y., Ma, L., Cheng, X., Lu, X., and Lu, Z. (2008, January 13\u201318). Underwater Localization in Sparse 3D Acoustic Sensor Networks. Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.56"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1145\/1113830.1113837","article-title":"Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/5\/5486\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:01Z","timestamp":1760219401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/5\/5486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s120505486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120505486","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]}}}