{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T21:52:51Z","timestamp":1771537971456,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of experimental data collected by X-band SAR of  COSMO-SkyMed (CSK\u00ae) and TerraSAR-X (TSX) images on the same surface types has shown significant differences in the signal level of the two sensors. In order to investigate the possibility of combining data from the two instruments, a study was carried out by comparing images collected with similar orbital and sensor parameters (e.g., incidence angle, polarization, look angle) at approximately the same date on two Italian agricultural test sites. Several homogenous agricultural fields within the observed area common to the two sensors were selected. Some forest plots have also been considered and used as a reference target). Direct comparisons were then performed between CSK and TSX images in different acquisition modes. The analysis carried out on the agricultural fields showed that, in general, the backscattering coefficient is higher in TSX Stripmap images with respect to CSK-Himage (about 3 dB), while CSK-Ping Pong data showed values lower than TSX of about 4.8 dB. Finally, a difference in backscattering of about 2.5 dB was pointed out between CSK-Himage and Ping-Pong images on agricultural fields. These results, achieved on bare soils, have also been compared with simulations performed by using the Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T11:26:13Z","timestamp":1370517973000},"page":"2928-2942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Intercomparison of X-Band SAR Images from COSMO\u2011SkyMed and TerraSAR-X Satellites: Case Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3155-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Pettinato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \"Nello Carrara\" (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1882-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \"Nello Carrara\" (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simonetta","family":"Paloscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \"Nello Carrara\" (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pampaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \"Nello Carrara\" (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Fontanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \"Nello Carrara\" (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covello, F., Battazza, F., Coletta, A., Manoni, G., and Valentini, G (2009, January 12\u201317). COSMO-SkyMed Mission Status: Three Out of Four Satellites in Orbit. Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2009.5418205"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"873","article-title":"The TerraSAR-X mission and system design","volume":"39","author":"Werninghaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2010.01.001","article-title":"COSMO-SkyMed an existing opportunity for observing the Earth","volume":"49","author":"Covello","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geodyn"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699211958","article-title":"The SIR-C\/X-SAR experiment on montespertoli: Sensitivity to hydrological parameters","volume":"20","author":"Macelloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1109\/36.406673","article-title":"Boreal forest ecosystem characterization with SIR-C\/XSAR","volume":"33","author":"Ranson","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Stolz, R., and Mauser, W. (1995, January 10\u201314). First Evaluations of Shuttle SIR-C and X-SAR Data for Landcover Classifications. Firenze, Italy."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2189752","article-title":"The potential of COSMO-SkyMed SAR images in monitoring snow cover characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Pettinato","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santi, E., Pettinato, S., Paloscia, S., Brogioni, M., Fontanelli, G, Pampaloni, P., Macelloni, G., and Montomoli, G. (2011, January 24\u201329). The Potential of Multi-Temporal COSMO-SkyMed SAR Images in Monitoring Soil and Vegetation. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049360"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balenzano, A., Satalino, G., Belmonte, A., D\u2019Urso, G., Capodici, F., Iacobellis, V., Gioia, A., Rinaldi, M., Ruggieri, S., and Mattia, F (2011, January 24\u201329). On the Use of Multi-Temporal Series of COSMO-SkyMed Data for LANDcover Classification and Surface Parameter Retrieval over Agricultural Sites. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6048918"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kweon, S.K., Hwang, J.H., and Oh, Y (2012, January 22\u201327). COSMO SkyMed AO Projects-soil Moisture Detection for Vegetation Fields Based on a Modified Water-cloud Model Using COSMO-SkyMed SAR Data. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6350825"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Santi, E., Fontanelli, G., Montomoli, G., Brogioni, M., Macelloni, G., Paloscia, S., Pettinato, S., and Pampaloni, S (, January 22\u201327). The Retrieval and Monitoring of Vegetation Parameters from COSMO-SkyMed Images. Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satalino, G., Panciera, R., Balenzano, A., Mattia, F., and Walker, J (2012, January 22\u201327). COSMO-SkyMed Multi-temporal data for Land Cover Classification and Soil Moisture Retrieval over an Agricultural Site in Southern Australia. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352317"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.08.004","article-title":"Analysis of TerraSAR-X data and their sensitivity to soil surface parameters over bare agricultural fields","volume":"112","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2028019","article-title":"Analysis of local variation of soil surface parameters with TerraSAR-X radar data over bare agricultural fields","volume":"48","author":"Zribi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2096200","article-title":"Monitoring temperate glacier displacement by multi-temporal TerraSAR-X images and continuous GPS measurements","volume":"4","author":"Fallourd","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poulain, V., Inglada, J., Spigai, M., Tourneret, J.Y., and Marthon, P (2009, January 8\u201311). Fusion of High Resolution Optical and SAR Images with Vector Data Bases for Change Detection. Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2009.5417537"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sportouche, H., Tupin, F., Nicolas, J.M., Perciano, T., and Deledalle, C.A. (2012, January 22\u201327). How to Combine TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed High-Resolution Images for a Better Scene Understanding?. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6351608"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Liao, M., Balz, T., Zhang, L., Pei, Y., and Jiang, H. (2009, January 2\u20135). Analyzing TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed High-Resolution SAR Data of Urban Areas. Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2182495","article-title":"Analysis and interpretation of the COSMO-SkyMed observations of the 2011 Japan tsunami","volume":"9","author":"Chini","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulvirenti, L., Pierdicca, N., Chini, M., and Guerriero, L (2013). Monitoring flood evolution in agricultural areas using COSMO-SkyMed data: the Tuscany 2009 case study. IEEE J. Sel.Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens, in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2219509"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fung, A.K. (1994). Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815405","article-title":"A reappraisal of the validity of the IEM model for backscattering from rough surfaces","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.920370","article-title":"A Comparison of algorithms for retrieving soil moisture from Envisat\/ASAR images","volume":"46","author":"Paloscia","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www2.astrium-geo.com\/files\/pmedia\/public\/r465_9_tsxx-itd-tn-0049-radiometric_calculations_i1.00.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torre, A., Calabrese, D., and Porfilio, M (2011, January 6\u20138). COSMO-SkyMed: Image Quality Achievements, Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST). Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAST.2011.5966965"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Discussion for Those Using Improving GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library). Available online: http:\/\/www.e-geos.it\/products\/pdf\/COSMO-SkyMed-Image_Calibration.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/6\/2928\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:13Z","timestamp":1760219233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/6\/2928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5062928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5062928","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]}}}