{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:29:00Z","timestamp":1776439740712,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["RGPIN 2017 04423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2017 04423"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 309335\/2017-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 309335\/2017-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are a type of challenged network where there is no guaranteed of end-to-path between the nodes for data delivery because of intermittent connectivity, node mobility and frequent topology changes. In such an environment, the routing of data is a challenge since the battery power of the mobile nodes drains out quickly because of multi-routing activities such as scanning, transmitting, receiving, and computational processing, effecting the overall network performance. In this paper, a novel routing protocol for OppNets called Energy-Efficient Check-and-Spray Geocast Routing (EECSG) is proposed, which introduces an effective way of message distribution in the geocasting region to all residing nodes while saving the energy consumption by restricting the unnecessary packet transmission in that region. A Check-and-Spray technique is also introduced to eliminate the overhead of packets in the geocast region. The proposed EECSG is evaluated by simulations and compared against the Efficient and Flexible Geocasting for Opportunistic Networks (GSAF) and the Centrality- Based Geocasting for Opportunistic networks (CGOPP) routing protocols in terms of average latency, delivery ratio, number of messages forwarded, number of dead nodes, overhead ratio, and hop count, showing superior performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11110504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T11:43:06Z","timestamp":1603885386000},"page":"504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Energy-Efficient Check-and-Spray Geocast Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Khuram","family":"Khalid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Woungang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Dhurandher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8044-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagdeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"J. P. C. Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Covilh\u00e3 Delegation, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lilien, L., Kamal, Z.H., Bhuse, V., and Gupta, A. (2006, January 15\u201316). Opportunistic networks: The concept and research. In Challenges in Privacy and Security. Proceedings of the Workshop on Research Challenges in Security and Privacy for Mobile and Wireless Networks (WSPWN 2006), Miami, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jacqueline, H., Lauren, G., and Yang, S. (2017, January 26\u201329). A survey of social-based routing protocols in Delay Tolerant Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Silicon Valley, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abali, A.M., Ithnin, N.B., Ebibio, T.A., Dawood, M., and Gadzama, W.A. (2019, January 22\u201323). A Survey of Geocast Routing Protocols in Opportunistic Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference of Reliable Information and Communication Technology, Johor, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33582-3_64"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakeman, I., Naicken, S., Rimmer, J., Chalmers, D., and Fisher, C. (2013, January 1\u20132). The fans united will always be connected: Building a practical DTN in a football stadium. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks, San Remo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14225-8_11"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., and Liu, Y. (2014, January 6\u20139). Geoopp: Geocasting for opportunistic networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2014.6952815"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., and Kumar, M. (2012, January 8\u201311). Loop: A location based routing scheme for opportunistic networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2012), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2012.6502509"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ott, J., Hyyti\u00e4, E., Lassila, P., Vaegs, T., and Kangasharju, J. (2011, January 21\u201325). Floating content: Information sharing in urban areas. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2011.5767578"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ma, Y., and Jamalipour, A. (2011, January 5\u20139). Opportunistic geocast in disruption-tolerant networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference-GLOBECOM 2011, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajaei, A., Chalmers, D., Wakeman, I., and Parisis, G. (2016, January 21\u201324). GSAF: Efficient and flexible geocasting for opportunistic networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2016.7523550"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., Dhurandher, S.K., Woungang, I., and Takizawa, M. (2019, January 27\u201329). Centrality Based Geocasting for Opportunistic Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Matsue, Japan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15032-7_59"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhurandher, S.K., Singh, J., Woungang, I., Takizawa, M., Gupta, G., and Kumar, R. (2019, January 7\u20139). Fuzzy Geocasting in Opportunistic Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, Antwerp, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33506-9_25"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-336156-1.50013-6","article-title":"Point in Polygon Strategies","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Haines","year":"1994","journal-title":"Graphics Gems"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ker\u00e4nen, A., Ott, J., and K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, T. (2009, January 2\u20136). The ONE simulator for DTN protocol evaluation. Proceedings of the 2nd international Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2009.5674"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2020, August 14). Crawdad Haggle Dataset. Available online: https:\/\/crawdad.org\/uoi\/haggle\/20160828\/one."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, K., Woungang, I., Dhurandher, S.K., Barolli, L., Carvalho, G.H., and Takizawa, M. (2016, January 6\u20138). An energy-efficient routing protocol for infrastructure-less opportunistic networks. Proceedings of the 2016 10th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMIS.2016.150"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/11\/504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:39Z","timestamp":1760178579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/11\/504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["info11110504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11110504","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]}}}