{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T07:57:01Z","timestamp":1764403021478,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P 30635-N36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 30635-N36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The VIP collaboration is performing high sensitivity tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons in the extremely low cosmic background environment of the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory INFN (Italy). In particular, the VIP-2 Open Systems experiment was conceived to put strong constraints on those Pauli Exclusion Principle violation models which respect the so-called Messiah\u2013Greenberg superselection rule. The experimental technique consists of introducing a direct current in a copper conductor, and searching for the X-rays emission coming from a forbidden atomic transition from the L shell to the K shell of copper when the K shell is already occupied by two electrons. The analysis of the first three months of collected data (in 2018) is presented. The obtained result represents the best bound on the Pauli Exclusion Principle violation probability which fulfills the Messiah\u2013Greenberg rule.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e22111195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["VIP-2 \u2014High-Sensitivity Tests on the Pauli Exclusion Principle for Electrons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kristian","family":"Piscicchia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi\u2014Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche \u201cEnrico Fermi\u201d, Piazza del Viminale 1, I-00184 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Marton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bartalucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bertolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, University of Bologna and INFN\u2014Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Bragadireanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Str. Atomistilor No. 407, P.O. Box MG-6 Buchares-Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cargnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Clozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Del Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi\u2014Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche \u201cEnrico Fermi\u201d, Piazza del Viminale 1, I-00184 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. 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Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5390-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Laubenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Via G. Acitelli 22, I-67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2315-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Miliucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Milotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Trieste and INFN\u2014Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio, 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Scordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Hexi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Diana Laura","family":"Sirghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Str. Atomistilor No. 407, P.O. Box MG-6 Buchares-Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Sirghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Str. Atomistilor No. 407, P.O. Box MG-6 Buchares-Magurele, Romania"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sperandio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Oton Vazquez","family":"Doce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. 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