{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:59:28Z","timestamp":1768823968548,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/00313\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/00313\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["10.54499\/UIDP\/00313\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDP\/00313\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["10.54499\/DL57\/2016\/CP1370\/CT0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/DL57\/2016\/CP1370\/CT0050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gliomas are a common and aggressive kind of brain tumour that is difficult to diagnose due to their infiltrative development, variable clinical presentation, and complex behaviour, making them an important focus in neuro-oncology. Segmentation of brain tumour images is critical for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Manually segmenting brain tumours is time-consuming and challenging. Automatic segmentation algorithms can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of tumour identification, thus improving treatment planning and outcomes. Deep learning-based segmentation tumours have shown significant advances in the last few years. This study evaluates the impact of four denoising filters, namely median, Gaussian, anisotropic diffusion, and bilateral, on tumour detection and segmentation. The U-Net architecture is applied for the segmentation of 3064 contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images from 233 patients diagnosed with meningiomas, gliomas, and pituitary tumours. The results of this work demonstrate that bilateral filtering yields superior outcomes, proving to be a robust and computationally efficient approach in brain tumour segmentation. This method reduces the processing time by 12 epochs, which in turn contributes to lowering greenhouse gas emissions by optimizing computational resources and minimizing energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13090237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T09:43:13Z","timestamp":1726652593000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating the Impact of Filtering Techniques on Deep Learning-Based Brain Tumour Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6540-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1638-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J. S. B.","family":"Caridade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Chemistry Center\u2014Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.11.020","article-title":"Brain tumor segmentation and classification from magnetic resonance images: Review of selected methods from 2014 to 2019","volume":"131","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"American Brain Tumour Association (2020). 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