{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:48:20Z","timestamp":1750308500250,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,6,1]],"date-time":"1985-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":486432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A voice interactive natural language system, which allows users to solve problems with spoken English commands, has been constructed. The system utilizes a commercially available discrete speech recognizer which requires that each word be followed by approximately a 300 millisecond pause. In a test of the system, subjects were able to learn its use after about two hours of training. The system correctly processed about 77 percent of the over 6000 input sentences spoken in problem-solving sessions. Subjects spoke at the rate of about three sentences per minute and were able to effectively use the system to complete the given tasks. Subjects found the system relatively easy to learn and use, and gave a generally positive report of their experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3812.3817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:38:11Z","timestamp":1027769891000},"page":"628-636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Natural language with discrete speech as a mode for human-to-machine"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Alan W.","family":"Biermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Rodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. NC"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Duke University, Durham, NC"}]},{"given":"J. Francis","family":"Heidlage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Duke University, Durham, NC"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Features of a simplified register in speech to elderly conversationalists. Int. 1","volume":"8","author":"Ashburn G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ashburn . G. and Gordon . A.M . Features of a simplified register in speech to elderly conversationalists. Int. 1 . Psycholinguisfics 8-3 , 23 ( 1981 ). 7-31. Ashburn. G. and Gordon. A.M. Features of a simplified register in speech to elderly conversationalists. Int. 1. Psycholinguisfics 8-3, 23 (1981). 7-31.","journal-title":"Psycholinguisfics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"272","article-title":"The SDC speech understanding system. In Trends in Speech Recognifion. W.A. Lea. Ed. Prentice Hall. En&amp;wood Cliffs","author":"Barnett J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Barnett , J. Bernstein , M.I. Grillman . R. and Kameny . I . The SDC speech understanding system. In Trends in Speech Recognifion. W.A. Lea. Ed. Prentice Hall. En&amp;wood Cliffs . N.1. 1980 . oo. 272 - 293 . Barnett, J. Bernstein, M.I. Grillman. R. and Kameny. I. The SDC speech understanding system. In Trends in Speech Recognifion. W.A. Lea. Ed. Prentice Hall. En&amp;wood Cliffs. N.1. 1980. oo. 272-293.","journal-title":"N.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of fhe Voice Dafa Entry Systems App{icafions Conference. AVOIS.","author":"Bell D.W.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bell , D.W. , and Becker . R. fi. Achieving high througdput with high accuracy in noise . In Proceedings of fhe Voice Dafa Entry Systems App{icafions Conference. AVOIS. Sept. 1982 . Bell, D.W., and Becker. R.fi. Achieving high througdput with high accuracy in noise. In Proceedings of fhe Voice Dafa Entry Systems App{icafions Conference. AVOIS. Sept. 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Towards natural language computation. Am. 1","volume":"6","author":"Biermann A.W.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Biermann , A.W. and Ballard . B.W . Towards natural language computation. Am. 1 . Compuf. Linguist. 6 , 2 ( 1980 ), 71-89. Biermann, A.W. and Ballard. B.W. Towards natural language computation. Am. 1. Compuf. Linguist. 6, 2 (1980), 71-89.","journal-title":"Compuf. Linguist."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"An experimental study of natural language programming. Inf. \/","author":"Biermann A.W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Biermann . A.W. , Ballard . B.W. and Sigmon . A.H . An experimental study of natural language programming. Inf. \/ . Man-Machine Stud. 18 , ( 1983 ). 71-87. Biermann. A.W., Ballard. B.W. and Sigmon. A.H. An experimental study of natural language programming. Inf. \/. Man-Machine Stud. 18, (1983). 71-87.","journal-title":"Man-Machine Stud."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/974194.974231"},{"volume-title":"Word Frequency Book, Houghton Mifflin","author":"Carroll J.B.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"Carroll . J.B. Statistical analysis of the corpus . In Word Frequency Book, Houghton Mifflin , Boston , pp. xxi-xxxix. Carroll. J.B. Statistical analysis of the corpus. In Word Frequency Book, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, pp. xxi-xxxix."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","volume-title":"Comparisons Among Treafmenf Means in an Analysis of Voriawe. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Pub}. ARS\/H\/G","author":"Chew V.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Chew , V. Comparisons Among Treafmenf Means in an Analysis of Voriawe. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Pub}. ARS\/H\/G . 1977 . Chew, V. Comparisons Among Treafmenf Means in an Analysis of Voriawe. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Pub}. ARS\/H\/G. 1977."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"Word Frequencies of Spoken American English. Verbatim. Essex. Corm","author":"Dahl H.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Dahl , H. Word Frequencies of Spoken American English. Verbatim. Essex. Corm . 1967 . Dahl, H. Word Frequencies of Spoken American English. Verbatim. Essex. Corm. 1967."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"The transformational question answering system operational statistics","author":"Damerau F.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Damerau . F.J. The transformational question answering system operational statistics 1978 . Rep. RC 7739, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center . Yorktown Heights. N.Y., 1979. Damerau. F.J. The transformational question answering system operational statistics 1978. Rep. RC 7739, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. Yorktown Heights. N.Y., 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Voice Data Entry Sysfems Applications Conference. AVOIS.","author":"Dersch W.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dersch . W. Direct voice commands on a modern nuclear submarine . In Proceedings of the Voice Data Entry Sysfems Applications Conference. AVOIS. Sept. 1982 . Dersch. W. Direct voice commands on a modern nuclear submarine. In Proceedings of the Voice Data Entry Sysfems Applications Conference. AVOIS. Sept. 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","volume-title":"Aufomafic Speech and Speaker Recognition","author":"Dixon N.R.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dixon , N.R. and Martin . T.B. (Eds.) Aufomafic Speech and Speaker Recognition . IEEE Press . New York. 1976 . Dixon, N.R. and Martin. T.B. (Eds.) Aufomafic Speech and Speaker Recognition. IEEE Press. New York. 1976."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/356810.356816"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","article-title":"Computer control via limited oat&amp;l language","volume":"1985","author":"Fink P.K.","unstructured":"Fink , P.K. , Siamon . A.H. and Biermann , A.W . Computer control via limited oat&amp;l language , IEEE Trans. Sysf., Man Cybem. SMC-15 , 1985 , to appear. Fink, P.K., Siamon. A.H. and Biermann, A.W. Computer control via limited oat&amp;l language, IEEE Trans. Sysf., Man Cybem. SMC-15, 1985, to appear.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sysf., Man Cybem. SMC-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"The words and sounds of telephone conversation","volume":"1","author":"French N.R.","year":"1930","unstructured":"French , N.R. Carter . C.W. and Koenig , W. Jr . The words and sounds of telephone conversation . Bell Sysf. Tech. 1 , 9 , ( 1930 ), 290-324. French, N.R. Carter. C.W. and Koenig, W. Jr. The words and sounds of telephone conversation. Bell Sysf. Tech. 1, 9, (1930), 290-324.","journal-title":"Bell Sysf. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2163.358100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/320251.320253"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"572-606","author":"Howes D. A .","year":"1967","unstructured":"Howes . D. A . Nord count of spoken English. I. Verbal Leant . Verbal Behav. 5. ( 1967 ). 572-606 . Howes. D. A .Nord count of spoken English. I. Verbal Leant. Verbal Behav. 5. (1967). 572-606."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"Minimum prediction residual principle applied to speech recognition","author":"Itakura F.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Itakura . F. Minimum prediction residual principle applied to speech recognition . IEEE Tmns. Acousf. Speech, Signal Process. ASSP- 23. ( 1975 ). 67-72. Itakura. F. Minimum prediction residual principle applied to speech recognition. IEEE Tmns. Acousf. Speech, Signal Process. ASSP-23. (1975). 67-72."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"A hierarchical decision approach to large vocabulwy discrete utterance recognition. IEEE Tram. Acousf., Speech","author":"Kaneko T.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kaneko . T. , and Dixon . N.R . A hierarchical decision approach to large vocabulwy discrete utterance recognition. IEEE Tram. Acousf., Speech , Signal Process. ASSP-31. 5 ( 1963 ). 1061-1066. Kaneko. T., and Dixon. N.R. A hierarchical decision approach to large vocabulwy discrete utterance recognition. IEEE Tram. Acousf., Speech, Signal Process. ASSP-31. 5 (1963). 1061-1066.","journal-title":"Signal Process. ASSP-31."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","volume-title":"Compufafional Analysis of Present-Day America?l English","author":"Kucera H.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kucera . H. and Francis , W.N . Compufafional Analysis of Present-Day America?l English . Brown University Press , Providence, R.I. 1967 . Kucera. H. and Francis, W.N. Compufafional Analysis of Present-Day America?l English. Brown University Press, Providence, R.I. 1967."},{"volume-title":"Trends in Speech Recognilion","author":"Lea W.A.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"Lea . W.A. Trends in Speech Recognilion , Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs . N.j. 19.30:' Lea. W.A. Trends in Speech Recognilion, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. N.j. 19.30:'"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"Proceecj'iqs of fhe Workshop on,Sfarzdardizafion for Speech I\/O Technology. The Institue for Computer Sciences and Technology","author":"Lea W.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lea , W.A. Problems in predicting performance of speech recognizers . In Proceecj'iqs of fhe Workshop on,Sfarzdardizafion for Speech I\/O Technology. The Institue for Computer Sciences and Technology . National Bureau of Standards , Mar. 1982 . Lea, W.A. Problems in predicting performance of speech recognizers. In Proceecj'iqs of fhe Workshop on,Sfarzdardizafion for Speech I\/O Technology. The Institue for Computer Sciences and Technology. National Bureau of Standards, Mar. 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","volume-title":"Dept. of Industrial Engineering","author":"Mantinband Y.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mantinband . }. Y. Cyberphobia: Understanding why people fear computers. Maste:'s thesis , Dept. of Industrial Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh . 1983 . Mantinband. }.Y. Cyberphobia: Understanding why people fear computers. Maste:'s thesis, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1976.10157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Voice Data Enfry Sysfcms Applicafions Cot+wwe. AVIOS.","author":"Nye J.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nye . J.M. Vocie integration : The critical mass . In Proceedings of the Voice Data Enfry Sysfcms Applicafions Cot+wwe. AVIOS. Sept. 1982 . Nye. J.M. Vocie integration: The critical mass. In Proceedings of the Voice Data Enfry Sysfcms Applicafions Cot+wwe. AVIOS. Sept. 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Human factors analysis of speech recognition systems","volume":"2","author":"Nye J.M","unstructured":"Nye . J.M . Human factors analysis of speech recognition systems . Speech Techrmi. I. 2 {Apr. 1982). 50 - 57 . Nye. J.M. Human factors analysis of speech recognition systems. Speech Techrmi. I. 2 {Apr. 1982). 50-57.","journal-title":"Speech Techrmi. I."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","volume-title":"Linguistic Structures Processing. A. Zampolli. Ed. North-Holland","author":"Petrick S.R.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Petrick . S.R. On natural language based computers . In Linguistic Structures Processing. A. Zampolli. Ed. North-Holland , Amsterdam , 1977 . Petrick. S.R. On natural language based computers. In Linguistic Structures Processing. A. Zampolli. Ed. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","volume-title":"Elude et Mise en Oeurre de Contraintes Linguistiques en Comprehension Automatique du Discours Continu. Thesis","author":"Pierrel J.M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pierrel . J.M. Elude et Mise en Oeurre de Contraintes Linguistiques en Comprehension Automatique du Discours Continu. Thesis , University of Nancy . 1981 . Pierrel. J.M. Elude et Mise en Oeurre de Contraintes Linguistiques en Comprehension Automatique du Discours Continu. Thesis, University of Nancy. 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Real time recognition of spoken words","author":"Pals L.C.W","year":"1971","unstructured":"Pals . L.C.W . Real time recognition of spoken words . IEEE Trans. Compuf. C- 20 , ( 1971 ). 972-978. Pals. L.C.W. Real time recognition of spoken words. IEEE Trans. Compuf. C-20, (1971). 972-978.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compuf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800049.801812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","unstructured":"Sekey. A. Building a model for large vocabulary isolated word recognition. Saeech Techrlol. I. 2 (Sent. 19841. 71-81. ~--~ . --  Sekey. A. Building a model for large vocabulary isolated word recognition. Saeech Techrlol. I. 2 (Sent. 19841. 71-81. ~--~ . --"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","volume-title":"Talking to Children: Language Input avd Acquisition","author":"Snow E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Snow . C: E. and Ferguson . I%:. Eds. Talking to Children: Language Input avd Acquisition . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1977 . Snow. C:E. and Ferguson. I%:. Eds. Talking to Children: Language Input avd Acquisition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Advances in Compufers.","author":"Thompson F.B.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Thompson , F.B. and Thompson . B.H. Practical natural language processing: the REL system as prototype . In Advances in Compufers. Vol. 13 . M. Rubinoff and M. Yovits. Eds. Academic Press . New York 1975 . pp. 109 - 168 . Thompson, F.B. and Thompson. B.H. Practical natural language processing: the REL system as prototype. In Advances in Compufers. Vol. 13. M. Rubinoff and M. Yovits. Eds. Academic Press. New York 1975. pp. 109-168."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","volume-title":"Towards Very Large Vocabulary Word Recognifion","author":"Waibel A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Waibel . A. Towards Very Large Vocabulary Word Recognifion . Carnegie-Mellon University Computer Science Department Speech Project . Nov. 1982 . Waibel. A. Towards Very Large Vocabulary Word Recognifion. Carnegie-Mellon University Computer Science Department Speech Project. Nov. 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","volume-title":"Undersfanding Spoken Language. North-Holland","author":"Walker D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Walker . D. Undersfanding Spoken Language. North-Holland , New York . 1978 . Walker. D. Undersfanding Spoken Language. North-Holland, New York. 1978."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","first-page":"784","volume-title":"The HWIM speech understanding system","author":"Wolf J.J.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wolf , J.J. and Woods . W.A. The HWIM speech understanding system . IEEE lnfernafiorlal Conference Record on Acousfics, Speech, and Signal Processing , ( 1977 ). pp. 784 - 787 . Wolf, J.J. and Woods. W.A. The HWIM speech understanding system. IEEE lnfernafiorlal Conference Record on Acousfics, Speech, and Signal Processing, (1977). pp. 784-787."}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3812.3817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3812.3817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:43:53Z","timestamp":1750272233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3812.3817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3812.3817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3812.3817","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-0782"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7317"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1985-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}