{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:12:07Z","timestamp":1754154727862,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"SNSF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TMSGI1_211682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMSGI1_211682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Papyrology, the study of ancient texts on papyri, presents a significant challenge for scholars in identifying the writers, or scribes, responsible for these preserved texts. Traditionally, paleographers relied on qualitative methods for writer differentiation. However, recent years have seen the integration of computer-based tools, enhancing manual techniques by enabling automated measurement of parameters like letter dimensions, spacing, angles, and abbreviations. This evolution, digital palaeography, represents a transformative shift in palaeography, where digital technologies complement and enhance traditional manual methods. It combines advanced AI algorithms with high-resolution digital imagery, facilitating the extraction of unique manuscript features for writer classification. We characterize a writer\u2019s handwriting by leveraging different image processing methods and the ability of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to extract features from images automatically. This underscores the optimization of computational methods and digital imagery in advancing and supporting palaeographical analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3727263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1743505869000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Deep Transfer Learning Approach for Writer Identification in Greek Papyri"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4340-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEI, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. D.","family":"Cilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7654-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"De Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEI, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Fontanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEI, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6144-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Molinara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEI, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9642-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Scotto di Freca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEI, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0407-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Marthot-Santaniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ancient Civilization, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Machine learning based assembly of fragments of ancient papyrus","volume":"14","author":"Abitbol Roy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roy Abitbol, Ilan Shimshoni, and Jonathan Ben-Dov. 2021. Machine learning based assembly of fragments of ancient papyrus. Journal of Cultural Heritage 14, 3, Article 33 (July 2021), 21 pages.","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itay Bar Yosef Isaac Beckman Klara Kedem and Its\u2019hak Dinstein. 2007. Binarization character extraction and writer identification of historical Hebrew calligraphy documents. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition 9 2\u20134 (2007) 89\u201399.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-007-0041-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroArchaeo43810.2018.9089780","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (MetroArchaeo)","author":"Bria Alessandro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alessandro Bria, Nicole Dalia Cilia, Claudio De Stefano, Francesco Fontanella, Claudio Marrocco, Mario Molinara, Alessandra Scotto di Freca, and Francesco Tortorella. 2018. Deep Transfer Learning for writer identification in medieval books. In Proceedings of the 2018 Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (MetroArchaeo). IEEE, 455\u2013460."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app8040606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24947-6_45","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition","author":"Christlein Vincent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vincent Christlein, David Bernecker, Andreas Maier, and Elli Angelopoulou. 2015. Offline writer identification using convolutional neural network activation features. In Pattern Recognition. Juergen Gall, Peter Gehler, and Bastian Leibe (Eds.), Springer International Publishing, Cham, 540\u2013552."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent Christlein Martin Gropp Stefan Fiel and Andreas K. Maier. 2017. Unsupervised feature learning for writer identification and writer retrieval. In Proceedings of the 2017 14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR \u201917) 991\u2013997.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2017.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19745-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30754-7_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.11.025","article-title":"An end-to-end deep learning system for medieval writer identification","volume":"129","author":"Cilia Nicole Dalia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicole Dalia Cilia, Claudio De Stefano, Francesco Fontanella, Molinara Mario, and Alessandra Scotto di Freca. 2020. An end-to-end deep learning system for medieval writer identification. Pattern Recognition Letters 129 (2020), 137\u2013143.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.11.030","article-title":"What is the minimum training data size to reliably identify writers in medieval manuscripts","volume":"129","author":"Dalia Cilia Nicole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicole Dalia Cilia, Claudio De Stefano, Francesco Fontanella, Molinara Mario, and Alessandra Scotto di Freca. 2020. What is the minimum training data size to reliably identify writers in medieval manuscripts? Pattern Recognition Letters 129 (2020), 198\u2013204.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30754-7_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29891-3_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2018.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6090089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68787-8_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-51026-7_36","volume-title":"Image Analysis and Processing\u2014ICIAP 2023 Workshops","author":"Cilia Nicole Dalia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nicole Dalia Cilia, Tiziana D\u2019Alessandro, Claudio De Stefano, Francesco Fontanella, Isabelle Marthot-Santaniello, Mario Molinara, and Alessandra Scotto di Freca. 2024. A novel writer identification approach for Greek papyri images. In Image Analysis and Processing\u2014ICIAP 2023 Workshops. Gian Luca Foresti, Andrea Fusiello, and Edwin Hancock (Eds.), Springer Nature, Cham, 422\u2013436."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mats Dahll\u00f6f. 2014. Scribe attribution for early medieval handwriting by means of letter extraction and classification and a voting procedure for larger pieces. In Proceedings of the 2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition. IEEE 1910\u20131915.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24085-0_41","volume-title":"Image Analysis and Processing\u2014ICIAP 2011","author":"De Stefano Claudio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Claudio De Stefano, Francesco Fontanella, Marilena Maniaci, and Alessandra Scotto di Freca. 2011. A method for scribe distinction in medieval manuscripts using page layout features. In Image Analysis and Processing\u2014ICIAP 2011. Giuseppe Maino and Gian Luca Foresti (Eds.), Springer, Berlin, 393\u2013402."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia Deng Wei Dong Richard Socher Li-Jia Li Kai Li and Li Fei-Fei. 2009. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. IEEE 248\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2009.5206848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruf A. Dhali Sheng He Mladen Popovic Eibert Tigchelaar and Lambert Schomaker. 2017. A digital palaeographic approach towards writer identification in the dead sea scrolls. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods 693\u2013702.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006249706930702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefan Fiel and Robert Sablatnig. 2013. Writer identification and writer retrieval using the fisher vector on visual vocabularies. In Proceedings of the 2013 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition 545\u2013549. DOI: 10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.114","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Les archives de Dioscore d\u2019Aphrodit\u00e9 cent ans apr\u00e8s leur d\u00e9couverte, histoire et culture dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte byzantine. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg","author":"Fournet Jean-Luc","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jean-Luc Fournet (Ed.). 2008. Les archives de Dioscore d\u2019Aphrodit\u00e9 cent ans apr\u00e8s leur d\u00e9couverte, histoire et culture dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte byzantine. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg. \u00c9tudes d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie et d\u2019histoire ancienne, Paris."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basilis Gatos and Ioannis Pratikakis. 2009. Segmentation-free word spotting in historical printed documents. In Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. IEEE 271\u2013275.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiming He Xiangyu Zhang Shaoqing Ren and Jian Sun. 2016. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 770\u2013778.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Document Recognition and Retrieval XIV","author":"Joutel Guillaume","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guillaume Joutel, V\u00e9ronique Eglin, St\u00e9phane Bres, and Hubert Emptoz. 2007. Curvelets based feature extraction of handwritten shapes for ancient manuscripts classification. In Document Recognition and Retrieval XIV, Vol. 6500, SPIE, 113\u2013124."},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653001","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001416530013","article-title":"Automatic handwriting feature extraction, analysis and visualization in the context of digital palaeography","volume":"30","author":"Liang Yiqing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yiqing Liang, Michael C. Fairhurst, Richard M. Guest, and Meryem Erbilek. 2016. Automatic handwriting feature extraction, analysis and visualization in the context of digital palaeography. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 30, 04 (2016), 1653001.","journal-title":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320200071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein Mohammed Isabelle Marthot-Santaniello and Volker M\u00e4rgner. 2019. GRK-Papyri: A dataset of Greek handwriting on papyri for the task of writer identification. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR) 726\u2013731.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2019.00121"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5120\/3075-4205","article-title":"A survey on writer identification schemes","volume":"26","author":"Sreeraj M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"M. Sreeraj and Sumam Mary Idicula. 2011. A survey on writer identification schemes. International Journal of Computer Applications 26, 2 (July 2011), 23\u201333.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71804-6_17","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","author":"Nasir Sidra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sidra Nasir and Imran Siddiqi. 2021. Learning features for writer identification from handwriting on papyri. In Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. Chawki Djeddi, Yousri Kessentini, Imran Siddiqi, and Mohamed Jmaiel (Eds.), Springer International Publishing, Cham, 229\u2013241."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86198-8_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604951.3605515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage (GCH \u201914)","author":"Pintus Ruggero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruggero Pintus, Ying Yang, Enrico Gobbetti, and Holly Rushmeier. 2014. A TaLISMAN: Automatic text and line segmentation of historical manuscripts. In Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage (GCH \u201914). Eurographics Association, Goslar, 35\u201344."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruggero Pintus Ying Yang and Holly Rushmeier. 2013. ATHENA: Automatic text height extraction for the analysis of old handwritten manuscripts. In Proceedings of the 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage) Vol. 1 605\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1109\/DigitalHeritage.2013.6743802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-021-00369-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannis Pratikakis Konstantinos Zagoris Xenofon Karagiannis Lazaros Tsochatzidis Tanmoy Mondal and Isabelle Marthot-Santaniello. 2019. ICDAR 2019 competition on document image binarization (DIBCO 2019). In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR) 1547\u20131556.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2019.00249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11744023_34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","volume-title":"Life in an Egyptian Village in Late Antiquity: Aphrodito before and after the Islamic Conquest","author":"Ruffini Giovanni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giovanni Ruffini (Ed.). 2018. Life in an Egyptian Village in Late Antiquity: Aphrodito before and after the Islamic Conquest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"4278","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI \u201917)","author":"Szegedy Christian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christian Szegedy, Sergey Ioffe, Vincent Vanhoucke, and Alexander A. Alemi. 2017. Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the impact of residual connections on learning. In Proceedings of the 31st AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI \u201917). AAAI Press, 4278\u20134284."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308","article-title":"Rethinking the Inception architecture for computer vision","author":"Szegedy Christian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christian Szegedy, Vincent Vanhoucke, Sergey Ioffe, Jonathon Shlens, and Zbigniew Wojna. 2016. Rethinking the Inception architecture for computer vision. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR \u201916), 2818\u20132826.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR \u201916)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"Mingxing Tan and Quoc V. Le. 2019. EfficientNet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks. arXiv:1905.11946. Retrieved from https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:167217261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"644","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology","author":"Van Minnen Peter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peter Van Minnen. 2009. The future of papyrology. In The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. R. S. Bagnall (Ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 644\u2013660."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems","author":"Yang Weixin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weixin Yang, Lianwen Jin, and Manfei Liu. 2016. DeepWriterID: An end-to-end online text-independent writer identification system. IEEE Intelligent Systems 31, 2 (2016), 45\u201353."}],"container-title":["Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3727263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T16:59:36Z","timestamp":1753376376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3727263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3727263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3727263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4673","1556-4711"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-4673"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-4711"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}