{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:54:12Z","timestamp":1776113652212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1951818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1951818"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we describe and reflect upon the development of critical consciousness and workplace democracy within an experimental workplace called DataWorks. Through DataWorks, we hire adults from communities historically minoritized in computing education and data careers, and train them in entry-level data skills developed through work on client projects. In this process, workers gain a range of skills. Some of these skills are technical, such as programming for data analysis; some are managerial, such as scoping and bidding projects; others are social, perhaps even political, such as the ability to say \"No\" to projects. In what follows, we describe a workshop series developed to build the workers' critical literacy and consciousness about their data work, specifically regarding the use of data in machine learning systems. After that, we describe a data project the workers questioned and resisted because they determined the work to be harmful. In that process, they demonstrated and enacted a critical consciousness towards data and machine learning. Reflecting on this enactment of data-focused critical consciousness, we identify themes that characterize a democratic workplace, describe the work of designing for organizational action and institutional relations, and discuss how worker and researcher positionality affects this work. In doing so, we argue for enabling workers to resist and refuse harmful data work and challenge the standard power structures of academic research and data work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3637433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:05:31Z","timestamp":1714385131000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["When Workers Want to Say No: A View into Critical Consciousness and Workplace Democracy in Data Work"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7344-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"DiSalvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5882-1608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Rothschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara L.","family":"Schenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8070-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben Rydal","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1804-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betsy","family":"DiSalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Accomplices not allies: Abolishing the ally industrial complex","volume":"2","author":"Action Indigenous","year":"2014","unstructured":"Indigenous Action. 2014. Accomplices not allies: Abolishing the ally industrial complex. Indigenous Action Media 2 (2014), 2.","journal-title":"Indigenous Action Media"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"A phenomenology of whiteness. Feminist theory 8, 2","author":"Ahmed Sara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sara Ahmed. 2007. A phenomenology of whiteness. Feminist theory 8, 2 (2007), 149--168."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life","author":"Ahmed Sara","unstructured":"Sara Ahmed. 2012. On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Living a Feminist Life","author":"Ahmed Sara","unstructured":"Sara Ahmed. 2016. CONCLUSION 2. A Killjoy Manifesto. In Living a Feminist Life. Duke University Press, 251--268."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Sara Ahmed. 2021. Complaint! Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Tech firms need Black AI scholars and labour rights. Nature 590, 7846","author":"Ajunwa Ifeoma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ifeoma Ajunwa, Sareeta Amrute, Lilly Irani, Winifred R Poster, and Meg Stalcup. 2021. Tech firms need Black AI scholars and labour rights. Nature 590, 7846 (2021), 389--390."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Saul Alinsky. 1989. Rules for radicals: A pragmatic primer for realistic radicals. Vintage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"The human condition","author":"Arendt Hannah","unstructured":"Hannah Arendt. 2013. The human condition. University of Chicago press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"P for political: Participation is not enough","volume":"14","author":"Beck Eevi E","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eevi E Beck. 2002. P for political: Participation is not enough. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems 14, 1 (2002), 1.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Rahul Bhargava Erica Deahl Emmanuel Letouz\u00e9 Amanda Noonan David Sangokoya and Natalie Shoup. 2015. Beyond data literacy: Reinventing community engagement and empowerment in the age of data. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2012.672577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Ethnography: Positioning ethnography within participatory design","author":"Blomberg Jeanette","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeanette Blomberg and Helena Karasti. 2012. Ethnography: Positioning ethnography within participatory design. In Routledge international handbook of participatory design. Routledge, 86--116."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Reflections on 25 years of ethnography in CSCW. Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) 22, 4","author":"Blomberg Jeanette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jeanette Blomberg and Helena Karasti. 2013. Reflections on 25 years of ethnography in CSCW. Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) 22, 4 (2013), 373--423."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3152421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2940299.2940303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2940299.2940316"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713602052002002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Training educators of adults","author":"Brookfield Stephen","unstructured":"Stephen Brookfield. 2018. Developing critically reflective practitioners: A rationale for training educators of adults. In Training educators of adults. Routledge, 317--338."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Garcia P. Cowan T.L. Rault J. Sutherland T. Chan A. Rode J. Hoffmann A.L. Salehi N. Nakamura L. Cifor M. 2019. Feminist Data Manifest-No."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Design justice: Community-led practices to build the worlds we need","author":"Costanza-Chock Sasha","unstructured":"Sasha Costanza-Chock. 2020. Design justice: Community-led practices to build the worlds we need. The MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13678868.2014.932090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"The atlas of AI: Power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence","author":"Crawford Kate","unstructured":"Kate Crawford. 2021. The atlas of AI: Power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine feminist theory and antiracist politics. u. Chi. Legal f. (1989) 139."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2021.1920081"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"On the Whiteness of Academia. Everyday Orientalism","author":"Daswani Girish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Girish Daswani. 2020. On the Whiteness of Academia. Everyday Orientalism (2020). https:\/\/everydayorientalism.wordpress.com\/2021\/02\/17\/on-the-whiteness-of-academia\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Critical race theory: An introduction","author":"Delgado Richard","unstructured":"Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic. 2023. Critical race theory: An introduction. Vol. 87. NyU press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Data feminism","author":"D'ignazio Catherine","unstructured":"Catherine D'ignazio and Lauren F Klein. 2020. Data feminism. MIT press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901790.2901865"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025633"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Participatory Design for Learning","author":"Ehn Pelle","unstructured":"Pelle Ehn. 2017. Learning in participatory design as I found it (1970--2015). In Participatory Design for Learning. Routledge, 7--21."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Why doesn't this feel empowering? Working through the repressive myths of critical pedagogy. Harvard educational review 59, 3","author":"Ellsworth Elizabeth","year":"1989","unstructured":"Elizabeth Ellsworth. 1989. Why doesn't this feel empowering? Working through the repressive myths of critical pedagogy. Harvard educational review 59, 3 (1989), 297--325."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3194349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"A method to the madness: Applying an intersectional analysis of structural oppression and power in HCI and design. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","author":"Erete Sheena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheena Erete, Yolanda A Rankin, and Jakita O Thomas. 2022. A method to the madness: Applying an intersectional analysis of structural oppression and power in HCI and design. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13678860500100541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X06060595"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Paulo Freire. 1970. Pedagogy of the oppressed. Herder Herder."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3406865.3419014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3557997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1103_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3536169.3537790"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research","author":"Glaser Barney G","unstructured":"Barney G Glaser and Anselm L Strauss. 2017. Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Ghost work: How to stop Silicon Valley from building a new global underclass","author":"Gray Mary L","unstructured":"Mary L Gray and Siddharth Suri. 2019. Ghost work: How to stop Silicon Valley from building a new global underclass. Eamon Dolan Books."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3369457.3369460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1993060.1993065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4013\/sdrj.2016.92.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics","author":"Honig Bonnie","unstructured":"Bonnie Honig. 2016. Political theory and the displacement of politics. In Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics. Cornell University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2017.1355006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"To hell with good intentions. Combining service and learning: A resource book for community and public service 1","author":"Illich Ivan","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ivan Illich. 1968. To hell with good intentions. Combining service and learning: A resource book for community and public service 1 (1968), 314--320."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470742"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11256-017-0411-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"An academic witness: White supremacy within and beyond academia. The fire now: Anti-racist scholarship in times of explicit racial violence","author":"Johnson Azeezat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azeezat Johnson. 2018. An academic witness: White supremacy within and beyond academia. The fire now: Anti-racist scholarship in times of explicit racial violence (2018), 15--25."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Heritage: Having a say","author":"Kensing Finn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Finn Kensing and Joan Greenbaum. 2012. Heritage: Having a say. In Routledge international handbook of participatory design. Routledge, 41--56."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Tech Help Desk: Support for Local Entrepreneurs Addressing the Long Tail of Computing Challenges. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--15","author":"Kotturi Yasmine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yasmine Kotturi, Herman T Johnson, Michael Skirpan, Sarah E Fox, Jeffrey P Bigham, and Amy Pavel. 2022. Tech Help Desk: Support for Local Entrepreneurs Addressing the Long Tail of Computing Challenges. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14606925.2019.1684730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-041221-023808"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17351\/ests2017.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0034670500031156"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Abolish big data","author":"Milner Yeshimabeit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeshimabeit Milner. 2019. Abolish big data. University of California, Irvine 8 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice","author":"Moon Jennifer A","unstructured":"Jennifer A Moon. 2013. Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism? Social research","author":"Mouffe Chantal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chantal Mouffe. 1999. Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism? Social research (1999), 745--758."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Agonistics: Thinking the world politically","author":"Mouffe Chantal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chantal Mouffe. 2013. Agonistics: Thinking the world politically. Verso Books."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Cruising Utopia, 10th Anniversary Edition","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Jos\u00e9 Esteban","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Esteban Mu\u00f1oz. 2019. Cruising utopia. In Cruising Utopia, 10th Anniversary Edition. New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Labor Tech Reserch Network. 2023. Labor Tech Research Network."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Unintended by design: On the political uses of ?Unintended Consequences\". Engaging science, technology, and society 6","author":"Parvin Nassim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nassim Parvin and Anne Pollock. 2020. Unintended by design: On the political uses of ?Unintended Consequences\". Engaging science, technology, and society 6 (2020), 320--327."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3557984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than 2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic. Jacobin","author":"Perrigo B","year":"2023","unstructured":"B Perrigo. 2023. OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than 2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic. Jacobin (2023). https:\/\/time.com\/6247678\/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3416498"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"A Framework for Fairness: A Systematic Review of Existing Fair AI Solutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.05700","author":"Richardson Brianna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brianna Richardson and Juan E Gilbert. 2021. A Framework for Fairness: A Systematic Review of Existing Fair AI Solutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.05700 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1476733042000264128"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Critical reflection in the workplace: is it just too difficult? Journal of European Industrial Training","author":"Rigg Clare","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clare Rigg and Kiran Trehan. 2008. Critical reflection in the workplace: is it just too difficult? Journal of European Industrial Training (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Behind the screen","author":"Roberts Sarah T","unstructured":"Sarah T Roberts. 2019. Behind the screen. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Participatory Design: an introduction","author":"Robertson Toni","unstructured":"Toni Robertson and Jesper Simonsen. 2012. Participatory Design: an introduction. In Routledge international handbook of participatory design. Routledge, 1--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3384772.3385148"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"June Ahn, Anthony Pellicone, Julia Aguiar, and Stephanie Wortel-London.","author":"Santo Rafi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rafi Santo, Leigh Ann DeLyser, June Ahn, Anthony Pellicone, Julia Aguiar, and Stephanie Wortel-London. 2019. Equity in the who, how and what of computer science education: K12 school district conceptualizations of equity in ?cs for all' initiatives. In 2019 research on equity and sustained participation in engineering, computing, and technology (RESPECT). IEEE, 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3385010.3385028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Making Commons: attempts at composing prospects in the opening of production. Ph. D. Dissertation","author":"Seravalli Anna","unstructured":"Anna Seravalli. 2014. Making Commons: attempts at composing prospects in the opening of production. Ph. D. Dissertation. Malm\u00f6 University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1350507607080579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Design anthropological futures","author":"Smith Rachel Charlotte","unstructured":"Rachel Charlotte Smith and Ton Otto. 2020. Cultures of the future: Emergence and intervention in design anthropology. In Design anthropological futures. Routledge, 19--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"Participant observation","author":"Spradley James P","unstructured":"James P Spradley. 2016. Participant observation. Waveland Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Tech Workers Need to Keep Organizing. Jacobin","author":"Stan JS","year":"2018","unstructured":"JS Stan. 2018. Tech Workers Need to Keep Organizing. Jacobin (2018). https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2018\/11\/tech-worker-organizing-google-union-walkout?fbclid=IwAR25-l3YuHgEAOS3Ewt34a8711amwkAlTQtJqLXhe9VgfNerj2Tl1TF_KW8\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3385010.3385020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203108543.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15353\/joci.v12i3.3279"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"Origin Stories: Plantations, Computers, and Industrial Control. Logic(s) 19","author":"Whittaker Mereditch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mereditch Whittaker. 2023. Origin Stories: Plantations, Computers, and Industrial Control. Logic(s) 19 (2023). https:\/\/logicmag.io\/supa-dupa-skies\/origin-stories-plantations-computers-and-industrial-control\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Adrienne and Timnit Gebru","author":"Williams Milagros Miceli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milagros Miceli Williams, Adrienne and Timnit Gebru. 2021. The Exploited Labor Behind Artificial Intelligence. Neoma (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","volume-title":"Breaking the Code: Confronting Racism in Computer Science through Community, Criticality, and Citizenship. TechTrends","author":"Yadav Aman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aman Yadav and Marie K Heath. 2022. Breaking the Code: Confronting Racism in Computer Science through Community, Criticality, and Citizenship. TechTrends (2022), 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","volume-title":"Data Refusal From Below: A Framework for Understanding, Evaluating, and Envisioning Refusal as Design. ACM Journal on Responsible Computing","author":"Zong Jonathan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jonathan Zong and J Nathan Matias. 2023. Data Refusal From Below: A Framework for Understanding, Evaluating, and Envisioning Refusal as Design. ACM Journal on Responsible Computing (2023)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3637433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3637433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:27:09Z","timestamp":1755883629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3637433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3637433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3637433","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}