{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:14:54Z","timestamp":1750220094786,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Perform. Eval. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            An objective of network neutrality is to design regulations for the Internet and ensure that it remains a public, open platform where innovations can thrive. While there is broad agreement that preserving the content quality of service falls under the purview of net neutrality, the role of differential pricing, especially the practice of\n            <jats:italic>zero-rating<\/jats:italic>\n            , remains controversial. Zero-rating refers to the practice of providing free Internet access to some users under certain conditions, which usually concurs with differentiation among users or content providers. Even though some countries (India, Canada) have banned zero-rating, others have either taken no stance or explicitly allowed it (South Africa, Kenya, U.S.).\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this article, we model zero-rating between Internet service providers and content providers (CPs) to better understand the conditions under which offering zero-rating is preferred, and who gains in utility. We develop a formulation in which providers\u2019 incomes vary, from low-income startups to high-income incumbents, where their decisions to zero-rate are a variation of the traditional prisoner\u2019s dilemma game. We find that if zero-rating is permitted, low-income CPs often lose utility, whereas high-income CPs often gain utility. We also study the competitiveness of the CP markets via the\n            <jats:italic>Herfindahl Index<\/jats:italic>\n            . Our findings suggest that in most cases the introduction of zero-rating\n            <jats:italic>reduces<\/jats:italic>\n            competitiveness.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3539731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:01:00Z","timestamp":1653904860000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Big Winners and Small Losers of Zero-rating"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7684-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niloofar","family":"Bayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard T. B.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3747-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Rubenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate","author":"Gilroy Angele A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Angele A. Gilroy. 2011. Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate. DIANE Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"Network neutrality, broadband discrimination","volume":"2","author":"Wu Tim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tim Wu. 2003. Network neutrality, broadband discrimination. J. Telecomm. High Tech. L. 2 (2003), 141.","journal-title":"J. Telecomm. High Tech. L."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2010.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11149-014-9266-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joie.12068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","article-title":"U.S. regulator adopts Internet traffic rules","author":"Marlow Iain","unstructured":"Iain Marlow. U.S. regulator adopts Internet traffic rules. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/us-regulator-adopts-internet-traffic-rules\/article1320850\/.","journal-title":"Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/us-regulator-adopts-internet-traffic-rules\/article1320850\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Open Internet Order. 2015. 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