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Although disruptive effects have been systematically explored in vision and audition, they have been less thoroughly examined in the haptic domain. Here we briefly review the relevant literature from HCI and psychology, distilling principles of when distraction is likely. We then investigate these principles through four experiments, examining how the timing and modality of relatively rare or unexpected stimuli (surprise distractors) affect the detection and recognition of vibrotactile target patterns. At short distractor-target delays (&lt;350 ms), both auditory and vibrotactile surprise distractors impaired performance. At a longer delay (1,050 ms), performance was not affected overall, even being improved with repeated exposure to the vibrotactile distractors. We discuss the importance of our findings in the context of HCI and cognitive psychology, and we provide design guidelines for mitigating the effects of distraction on haptic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3386358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T04:31:26Z","timestamp":1590985886000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["It\u2019s All in the Timing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Asplund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUS College and National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Obana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUS College, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Parag","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUS College, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Xun Quan","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUS College, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Simon T.","family":"Perrault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUS College, Singapore University of Technology and Design, and Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Somapah Rd, Singapore"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613513810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 56","author":"Baldwin Carryl L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29381-9_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"A tactile P300 brain-computer interface","volume":"4","author":"Brouwer Anne-Marie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1194"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802030706"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3206505.3206511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Craig","author":"Cholewiak Roger W.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00309-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Vibrotactile masking: A comparison of energy and pattern maskers. 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