{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:23:24Z","timestamp":1750220604213,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"HOPL","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Program. Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oz is a programming language designed to support multiple programming paradigms in a clean factored way that is easy to program despite its broad coverage. It started in 1991 as a collaborative effort by the DFKI (Germany) and SICS (Sweden) and led to an influential system, Mozart, that was released in 1999 and widely used in the 2000s for practical applications and education. We give the history of Oz as it developed from its origins in logic programming, starting with Prolog, followed by concurrent logic programming and constraint logic programming, and leading to its two direct precursors, the concurrent constraint model and the Andorra Kernel Language (AKL). We give the lessons learned from the Oz effort including successes and failures and we explain the principles underlying the Oz design. Oz is defined through a kernel language, which is a formal model similar to a foundational calculus, but that is designed to be directly useful to the programmer. The kernel language is organized in a layered structure, which makes it straightforward to write programs that use different paradigms in different parts. Oz is a key enabler for the book<jats:italic>Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming<\/jats:italic>(MIT Press, 2004). Based on the book and the implementation, Oz has been used successfully in university-level programming courses starting from 2001 to the present day.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3386333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T16:22:59Z","timestamp":1591978979000},"page":"1-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A history of the Oz multiparadigm language"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Van Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Seif","family":"Haridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH, Sweden \/ RISE SICS, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Smolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saarland University, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Gerald Jay Sussman, and Julie Sussman","author":"Abelson Harold","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harold Abelson , Gerald Jay Sussman, and Julie Sussman . 1996 . Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, Second Edition . The MIT Press , Cambridge, Mass. Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman, and Julie Sussman. 1996. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, Second Edition. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(93)90043-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Ashenhurst and Susan Graham (Eds.)","author":"Robert","year":"1987","unstructured":"Robert L. Ashenhurst and Susan Graham (Eds.) . 1987 . ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years. ACM Press . Robert L. Ashenhurst and Susan Graham (Eds.). 1987. ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years. ACM Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomas Axling Seif Haridi and Lennart F\u00e1hlen. 1996. Virtual reality programming in Oz. In Virtual Environments and Scientific Visualization (Eurographics). Springer-Verlag Wien(May). 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La programmation en premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e bas\u00e9e sur l\u2019enrichissement progressif de micromondes multi-agents partie II (First-year programming based on progressive enrichment of multi-agent microworlds part II). Master\u2019s thesis. ICTEAM Institute Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain(Aug.). https:\/\/www.info.ucl. ac.be\/~pvr\/micromondes.html In French."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Guillaume Derval Anthony G\u00e9go Pierre Reinbold Benjamin Frantzen and Peter Van Roy. 2015. Automatic Grading of Programming Exercises in a MOOC Using the INGInious Platform. In Third MOOC European Stakeholders Summit (EMOOCS\u201915). Mons Belgium(May) 86\u201391. Guillaume Derval Anthony G\u00e9go Pierre Reinbold Benjamin Frantzen and Peter Van Roy. 2015. Automatic Grading of Programming Exercises in a MOOC Using the INGInious Platform. In Third MOOC European Stakeholders Summit (EMOOCS\u201915). Mons Belgium(May) 86\u201391."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Book Review: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming","volume":"5","author":"Deville Yves","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yves Deville . 2005 . Book Review: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming . Journal of Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 5 , 4 - 5 (July), 595\u2013600. Yves Deville. 2005. Book Review: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. Journal of Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 5, 4-5 (July), 595\u2013600.","journal-title":"Journal of Theory and Practice of Logic Programming"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Ozma: Extending Scala with Oz Concurrency. Master\u2019s thesis. Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium(June).","author":"Doeraene S\u00e9bastien","year":"2011","unstructured":"S\u00e9bastien Doeraene . 2011 . Ozma: Extending Scala with Oz Concurrency. Master\u2019s thesis. 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