{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T21:31:38Z","timestamp":1757453498793,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]],"date-time":"2016-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Irish Research Council and United Technologies Research Center Ireland Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we describe a neighbour disjoint multipath (NDM) scheme that is shown to be more resilient amidst node or link failures compared to the two well-known node disjoint and edge disjoint multipath techniques. A centralised NDM was first conceptualised in our initial published work utilising the spatial diversity among multiple paths to ensure robustness against localised poor channel quality or node failures. Here, we further introduce a distributed version of our NDM algorithm adapting to the low-power and lossy network (LLN) characteristics. We implement our distributed NDM algorithm in Contiki OS on top of LOADng\u2014a lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing protocol. We compare this implementation's performance with a standard IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL), and also with basic LOADng, running in the Cooja simulator. Standard performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end latency, overhead and average routing table size are identified for the comparison. The results and observations are provided considering a few different application traffic patterns, which serve to quantify the improvements in robustness arising from NDM. The results are confirmed by experiments using a public sensor network testbed with over 100 nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2914792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,31]],"date-time":"2016-08-31T15:17:55Z","timestamp":1472656675000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Neighbour-Disjoint Multipath for Low-Power and Lossy Networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"A. K. M. Mahtab","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Cormac J.","family":"Sreenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo De Paz","family":"Alberola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) Ireland Ltd, Cork, Republic of Ireland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(01)00302-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.725313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2004.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Thomas Clausen Axel Verdiere Jiazi Yi Afshin Niktash Yuichi Igarashi Hiroki Satoh Ulrich Herberg Cedric Lavenu Thierry Lys and Justin Dean. 2014. The Lightweight On-demand Ad-hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation (LOADng). Internet-Draft draft-clausen-lln-loadng-12.  Thomas Clausen Axel Verdiere Jiazi Yi Afshin Niktash Yuichi Igarashi Hiroki Satoh Ulrich Herberg Cedric Lavenu Thierry Lys and Justin Dean. 2014. The Lightweight On-demand Ad-hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation (LOADng). Internet-Draft draft-clausen-lln-loadng-12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Contiki OS. 2016. The Open Source Operating System for the Internet of Things. http:\/\/www.contiki-os.org\/. (2016). Accessed: 25\/03\/2016.  Contiki OS. 2016. The Open Source Operating System for the Internet of Things. http:\/\/www.contiki-os.org\/. (2016). Accessed: 25\/03\/2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Leiserson","author":"Cormen Thomas H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thomas H. Cormen , Clifford Stein , Ronald L. Rivest , and Charles E . Leiserson . 2001 . Introduction to Algorithms (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education , New York, NY. Thomas H. Cormen, Clifford Stein, Ronald L. Rivest, and Charles E. Leiserson. 2001. Introduction to Algorithms (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"D. R. Ford and D. R. Fulkerson. 2010. Flows in Networks. Princeton University Press Princeton NJ.   D. R. Ford and D. R. Fulkerson. 2010. Flows in Networks. Princeton University Press Princeton NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/509506.509514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1132983.1132995"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. 46--55","author":"He Tian","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Tian He , J. A. Stankovic , Chenyang Lu , and T. Abdelzaher . 2003. SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. 46--55 . Tian He, J. A. Stankovic, Chenyang Lu, and T. Abdelzaher. 2003. SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. 46--55."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2069063.2069076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2014.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2002.808417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013715909417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE PIMRC. 3386--3390","author":"La Chi-Anh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chi-Anh La , Martin Heusse , and Andrzej Duda Grenoble . 2013 . Link reversal and reactive routing in low power and lossy networks . In Proc. of IEEE PIMRC. 3386--3390 . Chi-Anh La, Martin Heusse, and Andrzej Duda Grenoble. 2013. Link reversal and reactive routing in low power and lossy networks. In Proc. of IEEE PIMRC. 3386--3390."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2002.1035242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"J. Martocci P. D. Mil N. Riou and W. Vermeylen. 2010. Building Automation Routing Requirements in Low-Power and Lossy Networks. IETF RFC 5867. (2010).  J. Martocci P. D. Mil N. Riou and W. Vermeylen. 2010. Building Automation Routing Requirements in Low-Power and Lossy Networks. IETF RFC 5867. (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Montenegro N. Kushalnagar J. Hui and D. Culler. 2007. Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks. IETF RFC 4944. (September 2007).  G. Montenegro N. Kushalnagar J. Hui and D. Culler. 2007. Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks. IETF RFC 4944. (September 2007).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4944"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1454573.1454579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/774763.774788"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON). 86--91","author":"Patil M.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"M. Patil and R. C. Biradar . 2012. A survey on routing protocols in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON). 86--91 . M. Patil and R. C. Biradar. 2012. A survey on routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON). 86--91."},{"volume-title":"Proc. of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 90--100","author":"Charles","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Charles E. Perkins and Elizabeth M. Royer. 1999. Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing . In Proc. of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 90--100 . Charles E. Perkins and Elizabeth M. Royer. 1999. Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing. In Proc. of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 90--100."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100650"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice","author":"Rappaport T. S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"T. S. Rappaport . 2001 . Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice , 2 nd Edition. Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River, NJ. T. S. Rappaport. 2001. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645644.758013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0723-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/98.878532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2008.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"NS-3. 2016. A discrete-event network simulator. http:\/\/www.nsnam.org. (2016). Accessed: 25\/03\/2016  NS-3. 2016. A discrete-event network simulator. http:\/\/www.nsnam.org. (2016). Accessed: 25\/03\/2016"},{"volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE MASS. 1--6.","author":"Tsai J. W.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"J. W. Tsai and T. Moors . 2007. Interference-aware multipath selection for reliable routing in wireless mesh networks . In Proc. of IEEE MASS. 1--6. J. W. Tsai and T. Moors. 2007. Interference-aware multipath selection for reliable routing in wireless mesh networks. In Proc. of IEEE MASS. 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851275.1851273"},{"volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE WCNC. 1974--1979","author":"Vu\u010dini\u0107 M.","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"M. Vu\u010dini\u0107 , B. Tourancheau , and A. Duda . 2013. Performance comparison of the RPL and LOADng routing protocols in a home automation scenario . In Proc. of IEEE WCNC. 1974--1979 . M. Vu\u010dini\u0107, B. Tourancheau, and A. Duda. 2013. Performance comparison of the RPL and LOADng routing protocols in a home automation scenario. In Proc. of IEEE WCNC. 1974--1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2005.852070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. IETF RFC 6550. (March","author":"Winter T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"T. Winter , P. Thubert , A. Brandt , J. Hui , R. Kelsey , P. Levis , K. Pister , R. Struik , J. Vasseur , and R. Alexander . 2012 . RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. IETF RFC 6550. (March 2012). T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struik, J. Vasseur, and R. Alexander. 2012. RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. IETF RFC 6550. (March 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proc. of MASCOTS. 99--107","author":"Wu Kui","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kui Wu and Janelle Harms . 2001 . Performance study of a multipath routing method for wireless mobile ad hoc networks . In Proc. of MASCOTS. 99--107 . Kui Wu and Janelle Harms. 2001. Performance study of a multipath routing method for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. In Proc. of MASCOTS. 99--107."},{"volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensor (ICWISE). 19--24","author":"Yi Jiazi","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Jiazi Yi , T. Clausen , and Y. Igarashi . 2013. Evaluation of routing protocol for low power and lossy networks: LOADng and RPL . In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensor (ICWISE). 19--24 . Jiazi Yi, T. Clausen, and Y. Igarashi. 2013. Evaluation of routing protocol for low power and lossy networks: LOADng and RPL. In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensor (ICWISE). 19--24."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Technical Report UCLA\/CSD-TR-01-0023. UCLA Computer Science Department.","author":"Yu Y.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Y. Yu , R. Govindan , and D. Estrin . 2001 . Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks . Technical Report UCLA\/CSD-TR-01-0023. UCLA Computer Science Department. Y. Yu, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin. 2001. Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report UCLA\/CSD-TR-01-0023. UCLA Computer Science Department."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2914792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2914792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:04:56Z","timestamp":1750273496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2914792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2914792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2914792","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4859"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4867"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}