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Traditional synergy assessment is usually based on the space of places, a concept focusing on size (capacity), rather than the space of flows, a concept focusing on connections (flows). In this study, we developed a multilayer network model for describing the flows of factors such as people, land, and industry in the RAS using the space of flows concept, big data, and complex network theory, then quantitatively characterized the network using three metrics (balance, order, and coupling) and used the network to assess the synergistic development of the RAS in the Pearl River Delta. Our findings showed that local urban\u2013rural connections across the boundaries of administrative districts generated high\u2010level synergistic development of the RAS, promoting the integration of rural areas into urban\u2013rural development. Therefore, strengthening factor flows through regional coordinated development and urban\u2013rural integration is of great significance for promoting the synergistic development of the RAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:56:56Z","timestamp":1741712216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic Development Assessment of the Rural Areal System Using the Factor Flow Network Method"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Minde","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7686-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuyang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2010Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"The National Space Big Data Engineering Innovation Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Renzhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2010Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"The National Space Big Data Engineering Innovation Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Yiyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Yelin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Jiewei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Shuwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsus.2023.02.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Network Measures of Social Capital","volume":"21","author":"Borgatti S. 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