{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:04:57Z","timestamp":1768734297348,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Image and Vision Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T13:59:35Z","timestamp":1330005575000},"page":"738-749","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["3D\/4D facial expression analysis: An advanced annotated face model approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Tianhong","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Ocegueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shishir K.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ioannis A.","family":"Kakadiaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.001724","article-title":"Discriminant analysis for recognition of human face images","volume":"14","author":"Etemad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(02)00052-3","article-title":"Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey","volume":"36","author":"Fasel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1109\/34.895976","article-title":"Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art","volume":"22","author":"Pantic","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.52","article-title":"A survey of affect recognition methods: audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1017","article-title":"Three-dimensional face recognition in the presence of facial expressions: an annotated deformable model approach","volume":"29","author":"Kakadiaris","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.59","article-title":"FRVT 2006 and ICE 2006 large-scale experimental results","volume":"32","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0035","series-title":"in: Proc. 7th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","first-page":"211","article-title":"A 3D facial expression database for facial behavior research","author":"Yin","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0040","series-title":"in: Proc. 9th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","first-page":"603","article-title":"3D facial expression recognition: A perspective on promises and challenges","author":"Fang","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0045","series-title":"in: Proc. 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","first-page":"1","article-title":"A high-resolution 3D dynamic facial expression database","author":"Yin","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1110","article-title":"Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0055","series-title":"Proc. Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures","first-page":"293","article-title":"Automatic 3D facial expression analysis in videos","author":"Chang","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0060","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1399","article-title":"3D facial expression recognition based on primitive surface feature distribution","author":"Wang","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0065","series-title":"in: Proc. 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1248","article-title":"Analyzing facial expressions using intensity-variant 3D data for human computer interaction","author":"Yin","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0070","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","first-page":"661","article-title":"Human facial expression recognition using a 3D morphable model","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0075","series-title":"in: Proc. International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition","first-page":"831","article-title":"Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances","author":"Soyel","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0080","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantifying facial expression abnormality in schizophrenia by combining 2D and 3D features","author":"Wang","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Sun, M. Reale, L. Yin, Recognizing partial facial action units based on 3D dynamic range data for facial expression recognition, in: Proc. 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813336"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0090","series-title":"in: Proc.10th European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"58","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on 3D dynamic range model sequences","author":"Sun","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0095","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","first-page":"2133","article-title":"3D facial expression recognition using swarm intelligence","author":"Mpiperis","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2008.924598","article-title":"Bilinear models for 3D face and facial expression recognition","volume":"3","author":"Mpiperis","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0105","series-title":"in: Proc. 23rd International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences","article-title":"3D facial expression recognition with geometrically localized facial features","author":"Soyel","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0110","series-title":"in: Proceedings. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D facial expression recognition based on automatically selected features","author":"Tang","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0115","series-title":"in: Proc. 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D facial expression recognition based on properties of line segments connecting facial feature points","author":"Tang","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0120","series-title":"in: Proc. 2nd IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic registration of vertex correspondences for 3D facial expression analysis","author":"Rosato","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.04.007","article-title":"A novel approach to classification of facial expressions from 3D-mesh datasets using modified PCA","volume":"30","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0130","series-title":"in: Proc. Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions in System Analysis, Decision and Control, Famagusta, Cyprus","article-title":"Optimal feature selection for 3D facial expression recognition with geometrically localized facial features","author":"Soyel","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0135","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Optimal feature selection for 3D facial expression recognition using coarse-to-fine classification","volume":"18","author":"Soyel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0140","series-title":"in: Proc. 17th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","first-page":"569","article-title":"Automatic facial expression recognition on a single 3D face by exploring shape deformation","author":"Gong","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0145","series-title":"in: Proc. 24rd International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences","first-page":"35","article-title":"Feature selection for person-independent 3D facial expression recognition using NSGA-II","author":"Tekg\u00fc\u00e7","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0150","series-title":"in: Proc. 12th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Automatic detection of facial actions from 3D data","author":"Savran","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0155","series-title":"in: Proc. 4th IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory","first-page":"1","article-title":"AU recognition on 3D faces based on an extended statistical facial feature model","author":"Zhao","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0160","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","first-page":"71","article-title":"Facial action unit detection: 3D versus 2D modality","author":"Savran","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0165","series-title":"in: Proc. 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4125","article-title":"A set of selected SIFT features for 3D facial expression recognition","author":"Berretti","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0170","series-title":"in: Proc. 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3724","article-title":"Automatic 3D facial expression recognition based on a Bayesian belief net and a statistical facial feature model","author":"Zhao","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0175","series-title":"in: Proc. 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4129","article-title":"Local 3D shape analysis for facial expression recognition","author":"Maalej","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0180","series-title":"in: Proc. 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3772","article-title":"Resampling approach to facial expression recognition using 3D meshes","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.12.009","article-title":"Real-time 2D+3D facial action and expression recognition","volume":"43","author":"Tsalakanidou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0190","series-title":"in: Proc. 9th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","article-title":"A dynamic approach to the recognition of 3D facial expressions and their temporal models","author":"Sandbach","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0195","series-title":"in: Proc. 9th IEEE Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","article-title":"Expression recognition from 3D dynamic faces using robust spatio-temporal shape features","author":"Le","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1145\/966131.966134","article-title":"A novel cubic-order algorithm for approximating principal direction vectors","volume":"23","author":"Goldfeather","year":"2004","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0205","series-title":"MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard, Implementation and Applications","author":"Pandzic","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02776078","article-title":"On Lipschitz embedding of finite metric spaces in Hilbert space","volume":"52","author":"Bourgain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Isr. J. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.2001.0949","article-title":"Generating realistic facial expressions with wrinkles for model-based coding","volume":"84","author":"Yin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Vision Image Understanding"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1145\/1138450.1138461","article-title":"Discrete conformal mappings via circle patterns","volume":"25","author":"Kharevych","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"A method for registration of 3D shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1145\/264029.264043","article-title":"Enhanced simulated annealing for globally minimizing functions of many-continuous variables","volume":"23","author":"Siarry","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/34.982888","article-title":"Reconstruction of three-dimensional objects through matching of their parts","volume":"24","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.37","article-title":"Intraclass retrieval of non-rigid 3D objects: application to face recognition","volume":"29","author":"Passalis","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0245","series-title":"in: Proc. Eurographics Workshop on 3D Object Retrieval","article-title":"Gender and ethnicity classification of 3D face models using support vector machines","author":"Fang","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-009-0300-7","article-title":"Ethnicity- and gender-based subject retrieval using 3D face-recognition techniques","volume":"89","author":"Toderici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.49","article-title":"Using facial symmetry to handle pose variations in real-world 3D face recognition","volume":"33","author":"Passalis","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0260","unstructured":"P. Perakis, G. Passalis, T. Theoharis, G. Toderici, I. Kakadiaris, Partial matching of interpose 3D facial data for face recognition, in: Proc. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems, Arlington, VA, (2009) pp. 439\u2013446."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2009.2017629","article-title":"3D face detection, landmark localization, and registration using a point distribution model","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0350","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Accurate landmarking of three-dimensional facial data in the presence of facial expressions and occlusions using a three-dimensional statistical facial feature model, systems, man, and cybernetics, Part B: cybernetics","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0270","series-title":"Statistical Shape Analysis","author":"Dryden","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0275","series-title":"Technical Report, Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering","article-title":"Statistical models of appearance for computer vision","author":"Cootes","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0280","series-title":"in: Proc. 5th European Conference on Visual Media Production","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic and robust semantic registration of 3D head scans","author":"Schneider","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0285","article-title":"Algorithms for automatic and robust registration of 3D head scans","volume":"7","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virtual Real. Broadcast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0290","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"641","article-title":"Which parts of the face give out your identity?","author":"Ocegueda","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0295","unstructured":"A. Johnson, A representation for 3D surface matching, Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0300","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"373","article-title":"Surface feature detection and description with applications to mesh matching","author":"Zaharescu","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1109\/34.625113","article-title":"Cosmos \u2014 a representation scheme for 3D free-form objects","volume":"19","author":"Dorai","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0310","series-title":"in: Proc. 4th Alvey Vision Conference","first-page":"147","article-title":"A combined corner and edge detector","author":"Harris","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(98)00074-2","article-title":"Surface matching for object recognition in complex 3D scenes","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Image Vision Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1980.0020","article-title":"Theory of edge detection","volume":"207","author":"Marr","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0330","series-title":"in: Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"886","article-title":"Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection","author":"Dalal","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0335","first-page":"381","article-title":"Random sample consensus: a paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography","volume":"24","author":"Fischler","year":"1981","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Comput. Mach."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01825.x","article-title":"Procrustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape","volume":"53","author":"Goodall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study","volume":"27","author":"Shan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vision Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00067-4","article-title":"A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions","volume":"29","author":"Ojala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0360","series-title":"Software","article-title":"LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines","author":"Chang","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0365","author":"Fang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004_bb0370","series-title":"in: Proc. 9th International Conference on Signal Processing","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Combining LBP and Adaboost for facial expression recognition","author":"Ying","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Image and Vision Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0262885612000194?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0262885612000194?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T08:35:28Z","timestamp":1713602128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0262885612000194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0262885612000194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0262-8856"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0262-8856","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}}}