{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:33:15Z","timestamp":1776439995680,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1786,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,20]],"date-time":"2008-06-20T08:04:59Z","timestamp":1213949099000},"page":"1731-1751","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["The combination of multiple classifiers using an evidential reasoning approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiwen","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1026","article-title":"A new technique for combining multiple classifiers using the Dempster\u2013Shafer theory of evidence","volume":"17","author":"Al-Ani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib002","unstructured":"J.A. Barnett, Computational methods for a mathematical theory of evidence, in: Proc. of 17th Joint Conference of Artificial Intelligence, 1981, pp. 868\u2013875"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib003","unstructured":"C.L. Blake, C.J.E. Keogh, UCI repository of machine learning databases, http:\/\/www.ics.uci.edu\/mlearn\/MLRepository.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Bi, D. Bell, J.W. Guan, Combining evidence from classifiers in text categorization, in: Proc. of KES04, 2004, pp. 521\u2013528","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30134-9_70"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib005","unstructured":"Y. Bi, Combining multiple classifiers for text categorization using the Dempster\u2013Shafer theory of evidence, PhD thesis, University of Ulster, UK, 2004"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.167","article-title":"On combining classifiers mass functions for text categorization","volume":"17","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Engrg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib007","unstructured":"Y. Bi, J.W. Guan, An efficient triplet-based algorithm for evidential reasoning, in: Proc. of the 22nd Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 2006, pp. 31\u201338"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib008","unstructured":"Y. Bi, S.I. McClean, T. Anderson, On combining multiple classifiers using an evidential approach, in: Proc. of the Twenty-First National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'06), 2006, pp. 324\u2013329"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058655","article-title":"Bagging predictors","volume":"24","author":"Breiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib010_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib010_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Machine learning research: Four current directions","volume":"18","author":"Dietterich","year":"1997","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib011","article-title":"An experimental comparison of three methods for constructing ensembles of decision trees: Bagging, boosting, and randomization","volume":"1","author":"Dietterich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Dietterich, Ensemble methods in machine learning, in: Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems MCS2000, LNCS, vol. 1857, 2000, pp. 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45014-9_1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177698950","article-title":"Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping","volume":"38","author":"Dempster","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2007.05.008","article-title":"Conjunctive and disjunctive combination of belief functions induced by nondistinct bodies of evidence","volume":"172","author":"Denoeux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00073-7","article-title":"Approximating the combination of belief functions using the fast Moebius transform in a coarsened frame","volume":"31","author":"Denoeux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Internat. J. Approx. Reason."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.833094","article-title":"A neural network classifier based on Dempster\u2013Shafer theory","volume":"30","author":"Denoeux","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. A"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1109\/21.376493","article-title":"A k-nearest neighbor classification rule based on Dempster\u2013Shafer theory","volume":"25","author":"Denoeux","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.P.W. Duin, D.M.J. Tax, Experiments with classifier combining rules, in: J. Kittler, F. Roli (Eds.), Multiple Classifier Systems, 2000, pp. 16\u201329","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45014-9_2"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MACH.0000015881.36452.6e","article-title":"Is combining classifiers with stacking better than selecting the best one?","volume":"54","author":"Dzeroski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167900300410","article-title":"The reliability of dichotomous judgments: unequal numbers of judgments per subject","volume":"3","author":"Fleiss","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl. Psycholog. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib021","unstructured":"Y. Freund, R. Schapire, Experiments with a new boosting algorithm, in: Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference, 1996, pp. 148\u2013156"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib022","article-title":"Evidence Theory and Its Applications, vols. 1\u20132","volume":"vols. 7\u20138","author":"Guan","year":"1991-1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib023","unstructured":"J.W. Guan, D.A. Bell, Efficient algorithms for automated reasoning in expert systems, in: The 3rd IASTED International Conference on Robotics and Manufacturing, 1995, pp. 336\u2013339"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00076-3","article-title":"Are alternatives to Dempster's rule of combination real alternatives?: Comments on \u201cabout the belief function combination and the conflict management problem\u201d Lef\u00e8vre et al.","volume":"3","author":"Haenni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1109\/34.58871","article-title":"Neural network ensembles","volume":"12","author":"Hansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1109\/34.709601","article-title":"The random subspace method for constructing decision forests","volume":"20","author":"Ho","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/34.667881","article-title":"On combining classifiers","volume":"20","author":"Kittler","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Kuncheva, Combining classifiers: Soft computing solutions, in: S.K. Pal, A. Pal (Eds.), Pattern Recognition: From Classical to Modern Approaches, 2001, pp. 427\u2013451","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812386533_0015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022859003006","article-title":"Measures of diversity in classifier ensembles","volume":"51","author":"Kuncheva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/34.824819","article-title":"Statistical pattern recognition: A review","volume":"22","author":"Jain","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.618255","article-title":"Application of majority voting to pattern recognition: An analysis of its behavior and performance","volume":"27","author":"Lam","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.S. Larkey, W.B. Croft, Combining classifiers in text categorization, in: Proceedings of SIGIR-96, 19th ACM International Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 1996, pp. 289\u2013297","DOI":"10.1145\/243199.243276"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s101150050012","article-title":"Reinvestigating Dempster's idea on evidence combination","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Knowledge Inform. Syst."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2006.05.002","article-title":"Analyzing the degree of conflict among belief functions","volume":"170","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-87137-4.50032-1","article-title":"Combining the classification results of independent classifiers based on Dempster\u2013Shafer theory of evidence","volume":"X","author":"Mandler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib036","unstructured":"P. Melville, R.J. Mooney, Constructing diverse classifier ensembles using artificial training examples, in: Proc. of IJCAI-03, 2003, pp. 505\u2013510"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib037","series-title":"Machine Learning","author":"Mitchell","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib038","series-title":"Proc. of AAAI-99","first-page":"379","article-title":"Feature selection for ensembles","author":"Opitz","year":"1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2006.11.002","article-title":"Pairwise classifier combination using belief functions","volume":"28","author":"Quost","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/505282.505283","article-title":"Machine learning in automated text categorization","volume":"34","author":"Sebastiani","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(94)90099-X","article-title":"Combining the results of several neural network classifiers","volume":"7","author":"Rogova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90040-3","article-title":"Implementing Dempster's rule for hierarchical evidence","volume":"33","author":"Shafer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib043","series-title":"The Analysis of Fuzzy Information, vol. 1: Mathematics and Logic","first-page":"51","article-title":"Belief functions and possibility measures","author":"Shafer","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib044","series-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Evidence","author":"Shafer","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ph. Smets, The combination of evidence in the Transferable Belief Model, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell. 12 (5) 447\u2013458","DOI":"10.1109\/34.55104"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.594","article-title":"Issues in stacked generalization","volume":"10","author":"Ting","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res. (JAIR)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00138-7","article-title":"Combining multiple classifiers by averaging or by multiplying","volume":"33","author":"Tax","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib048","first-page":"41","article-title":"Combining of disparate classifiers through order statistics","volume":"6","author":"Tumer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1109\/21.155943","article-title":"Several methods for combining multiple classifiers and their applications in handwritten character recognition","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System Man Cybernet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.669565","article-title":"An evidence-theoretic k-NN rule with parameter optimization","volume":"28","author":"Zouhal","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib051","unstructured":"Y. Yang, T. Ault, T. Pierce, Combining multiple learning strategies for effective cross validation, in: Proc. of ICML'00, 2000, pp. 1167\u20131182"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90060-W","article-title":"On the justification of Dempster's rule of combination","volume":"48","author":"Voorbraak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007659514849","article-title":"MultiBoosting: A technique for combining boosting and wagging","volume":"40","author":"Webb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1","article-title":"Stacked generalization","volume":"5","author":"Wolpert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002_bib055","series-title":"Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques","author":"Witten","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0004370208000799?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0004370208000799?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]],"date-time":"2019-05-12T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1557638631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0004370208000799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0004370208000799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-3702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-3702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}}}