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Therefore, it is worth analyzing the performance of the DTN Bundle Protocol (BP) in a realistic deep space environment, reproducing the characteristics of Mars missions. After a comprehensive introduction on data communications between Mars and Earth, the paper presents the essential features of both the BP DTN architecture and the Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP), adopted here as BP convergence layer on deep space links, thanks to its ability to cope with the very long delays typical of this environment. The focus of our experiments is on analysis of the bundle flow from a Mars lander to an Earth control center through an intermediate relay node, for which two configurations are considered, inspired to Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter missions, respectively. Results are obtained by means of a test bed consisting of some GNU\/Linux personal computers running either Interplanetary Overlay Network (ION) or DTN2 BP implementations. The analysis of results aims to highlight the role played by BP and LTP in tackling the challenges of Mars to Earth communications. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]],"date-time":"2013-10-23T16:27:29Z","timestamp":1382545649000},"page":"127-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Mars to Earth communications through orbiters: Delay\u2010Tolerant\/Disruption\u2010Tolerant Networking performance analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Caini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIS\u2013Department of Electronics, Computer Science and Systems University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Firrincieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIS\u2013Department of Electronics, Computer Science and Systems University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"de Cola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR\u2013German Aerospace Center Institute of Communications and Navigation  We\u00dfling Germany"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Bisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DITEN\u2013Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE\u2013Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Polytechnic Institute of New York University  Brooklyn NY USA"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESA\u2013European Space Agency  Keplerlaan 1\u20102200 AG Noordwijk ZH The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2003.1204759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CerfV et al.Delay\u2010tolerant networking architecture IETF RFC 4838 2007.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ScottK BurleighS.Bundle protocol specification IETF RFC 5050 2007.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc5050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RamadasM BurleighS FarrellS.Licklider transmission protocol\u2015motivation IETF Request for Comments RFC 5326 2008.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc5325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RamadasM BurleighS FarrellS.Licklider transmission protocol\u2015specification IETF Request for Comments RFC 5326 2008.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc5326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"RamadasM BurleighS FarrellS.Licklider transmission protocol\u2015security extensions IETF Request for Comments RFC 5327 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SymingtonS FarrellS WeissH LovellP.Bundle security protocol specification Internet RFC 6257 2011.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"CCSDS 734.0\u2010G\u20101. 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