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Each capacitated truck carries drones that can be launched to perform deliveries. The drone takes off from a truck located either at a customer or at the depot and it must land on the same truck after visiting a customer to be served. The aim is to serve all customers at minimum cost, under time window, capacity, and flying endurance constraints. We formulate the problem as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) and develop a heuristic procedure where a two\u2010phase strategy is embedded in a multi\u2010start framework. The computational results are carried out on instances generated by starting from vehicle routing problem with time windows benchmarks. We analyze the behavior of the considered transportation system by mean of the solutions provided by the MILP. The proposed formulation is able to solve instances with up to 15 customers. The solutions of the MILP are used as benchmark to assess the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/net.22015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T08:53:53Z","timestamp":1608886433000},"page":"371-399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Trucks and drones cooperation in the last\u2010mile delivery process"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Di Puglia Pugliese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche  Rende Italy"}]},{"given":"Giusy","family":"Macrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering University of Calabria  Rende Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3887-1317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Guerriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering University of Calabria  Rende Italy"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2017.0791"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/net.21864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.05.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.03.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2017.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"R.DaknamaandE.Kraus Vehicle routing with drones Technical report arXiv preprint arXiv: 1705.06431v1 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synchronized Truck and Drone Routing in Package Delivery Logistics","author":"Das Dyutimoy N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67308-0_56"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"488","volume-title":"1st International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing, ISM 2019, Procedia Manufacturing","author":"Di Puglia Pugliese L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0761-4_52","article-title":"Vehicle routing problem with time windows using meta\u2010heuristic algorithms: A survey","volume":"741","author":"Dixit A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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