{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T22:19:01Z","timestamp":1770675541980,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trans Emerging Tel Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article focuses on automatic modulation classification (AMC) in wireless communication systems. A convolutional neural network (CNN)\u00a0with three layers is introduced for the AMC process. Over degraded channels, it is assumed that the constellation diagrams of received signals do not show sharp points as in the case of pure signals. Instead, the points spread to constitute circle\u2010shaped objects. With more deterioration in channel conditions, these circle\u2010shaped objects begin to show overlapping. This behavior motivates us to use object detection, when dealing with the modulation classification task. The selection of the adopted transforms in this article is made from the object detection perspective. Different 2D transforms are considered on the constellation diagrams and compared for better classification performance. These transforms are the Radon transform (RT), the curvelet transform, and the phase congruency (PC). They are applied on the 2D constellation diagrams prior to the classification task with the CNN. The classification of the modulation format at different signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratios (SNRs) is considered in this article from the constellation diagrams, and the preprocessed constellation diagrams using RT, curvelet transform, and PC. Seven types of modulation formats are considered in this study to represent both spread and dense constellation diagram patterns, and the study extends from \u221210 to 10\u00a0dB. Analysis of the results indicating the most suitable preprocessor according to the constellation type and the SNR involved is provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T06:24:19Z","timestamp":1661235859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Automatic modulation classification with <scp>2D<\/scp> transforms and convolutional neural network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Hanan S.","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Minia University  Minia Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8002-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safaa","family":"El\u2010Gazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Minia University  Minia Egypt"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Emara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"El\u2010Shafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"},{"name":"Security Engineering Lab, Computer Science Department Prince Sultan University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Samia A.","family":"El\u2010Moneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"},{"name":"High Institute of Engineering and Technology  Tanta Egypt"}]},{"given":"Adel S.","family":"El\u2010Fishawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}]},{"given":"Taha E.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}]},{"given":"Hesham F.A.","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Minia University  Minia Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Egyptian\u2010Russian University  Cairo Egypt"}]},{"given":"Ghada M.","family":"El\u2010Banby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Electronics and Control Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Elsabrouty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Egypt\u2010Japan University of Science and Technology  Alexandria Egypt"}]},{"given":"El\u2010Sayed M.","family":"El\u2010Rabaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}]},{"given":"Fathi E.","family":"Abd El\u2010Samie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University  Menouf Egypt"}]},{"given":"Gerges M.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Minia University  Minia Egypt"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4459"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3120419"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2008.081107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2009.12.091711"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3000358"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u2010MakhlasawyRM ElnabyMMA El\u2010KhobbyHA El\u2010SamieFEA.Automatic modulation recognition in OFDM systems using cepstral analysis and a fuzzy logic interface. 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