{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:41:27Z","timestamp":1775666487513,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]],"date-time":"2024-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this article, a compact triple\u2010band frequency\u2010tunable (FT) hexagonal\u2010shaped graphene antenna through a machine learning (ML) approach for terahertz (THz) application is presented. The proposed THz antenna is designed on a polyamide () substrate with a thickness of 10\u2009\u03bcm, and graphene is used as an antenna radiator. The size of the substrate is 38\u2009\u00d7\u200946\u2009\u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The FT is achieved by changing the chemical potential of graphene material. The performance of the proposed THz antenna has been investigated, and the impacts of several conducting materials like gold, aluminum, copper, and graphene and dielectric materials like Rogers RT\/duroid 5880, polyamide, quartz, and <jats:italic>SiO<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> are explored. The proposed THz antenna provides three operating bands. The frequency of operation in Band\u20101 is 2.51\u20135.05\u2009THz, Band\u20102 is 5.99\u20137.43\u2009THz, and Band\u20103 is 7.94\u20139.63\u2009THz. The bandwidth in Band\u20101, Band\u20102, and Band\u20103 are 2.54, 1.44, and 1.69\u2009THz, respectively. The % of impedance bandwidth in Band\u20101, Band\u20102, and Band\u20103 are 67.19%, 24.02%, and 21.28% respectively. The proposed antenna has a maximum peak gain of 5\u2009dBi. The proposed antenna is optimized through various ML algorithms like random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), K\u2010nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN). The RF algorithm gives more than 99% accuracy compared to other ML algorithms and accurately predicts the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub> of the proposed antenna. The proposed THz antenna would be suitable for applications related to imaging, medical, sensing, and ultra\u2010speed short\u2010distance communication applications in the THz region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.6044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:19Z","timestamp":1731888019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Machine Learning Enabled Compact Frequency\u2010Tunable Triple\u2010Band Hexagonal\u2010Shaped Graphene Antenna for THz Communication"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayant\u00a0Kumar","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ABV\u2010Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management  Gwalior Madhya Pradesh India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8110-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uditansh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ABV\u2010Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management  Gwalior Madhya Pradesh India"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences Banasthali Vidyapith  Banasthali Rajasthan India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1422-5943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinku","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ABV\u2010Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management  Gwalior Madhya Pradesh India"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ABV\u2010Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management  Gwalior Madhya Pradesh India"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2014.0602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Microwave Engineering","author":"Pozar D. 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