Aiming to enhance the security of network and information systems within the EU, NIS2 came into force in October 2024, causing a headache to many organizations. Compared to NIS, NIS2 simplifies reporting obligations. However, it imposes more stringent measures and sanctions, making the compliance journey rather complicated. For many companies, ensuring that their cloud infrastructure remains secure and achieving compliance is now a top priority. The truth is that a typical compliance process includes security assessments, auditing, consulting and implementation, that may last for about 12 months. It is a process bearing a significant cost for the organizations, both in terms of human and financial resources.

But are all organizations affected by the NIS2 Directive?

The answer is NO. The NIS2 Directive is estimated to affect about 160K companies, covering a total of 15 sectors (energy, health, transport, finance, water supply, digital infrastructure, public administration, digital providers, postal services, waste management, space, foods, manufacturing, chemicals and research). Furthermore, it applies only to entities that provide essential or important services to the European economy and the European society. To make sure whereas your organization falls under the NIS2’s scope, you can check the information provided in the ANEX I of the EU Directive 2022/2555 here: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022L2555#anx_I

Or:

• if you are operating in the Greek market, you can take a NIS2 eligibility test here: https://cyber.gov.gr/nis2-scope/
• if you are operating in the Spanish market, you can check the website of INCIBE (Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad), here: https://www.incibe.es/incibe-cert/sectores-estrategicos/eres-NIS2

What changes?

The NIS2 introduces new requirements and obligations for the organizations, focusing in four areas: (i) risk management, (ii) corporate accountability, (iii) reporting obligations and (iv) business continuity.

Cyber risks need to be minimized through measures, like enhanced network, encryption and better access control, among others. The above-mentioned cybersecurity measures need to be overseen and approved by the corporate management. At the same time, the whole entity needs to be trained on them, resulting on strengthened corporate accountability being mandatory. In terms of reporting, the organizations need to establish processes, ensuring prompt reporting of security incidents. In the meantime, specific notification deadlines apply, such as the 24-hour “early warning”. Finally, all organizations need to to ensure the continuity of their business, in case a major cyber incident happens. Their plans are expected to include system recovery measures, emergency procedures and crisis-handling teams.

Overall, organizations are expected to ensure security of their cloud infrastructure and systems and achieve compliance with the requirements of the Directive. Apart from the four overarching areas described above, the NIS2 Directive requires the implementation of 10 baseline security measures, so that organizations are able to address specific forms of cyberthreats. The 10 minimum measures include:

How can you comply?

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What Are Cloud Deployment Models?

• Public Cloud: Shared infrastructure operated by a third‑party provider (e.g., Microsoft Azure, AWS, Google Cloud). You rent resources and pay for what you use.
• Private Cloud: Dedicated infrastructure for a single organization, hosted on‑premises or by a managed provider (e.g. Antyxsoft Cloud). You get maximum control and customization.
• Hybrid Cloud: A mix of public and private clouds with portability of data/apps and unified management where possible.

1) Public Cloud

Best for: Rapid experiments, spiky traffic, global reach without capital expense.

Pros

• Cost efficiency: No hardware purchase; pay‑as‑you‑go and reserved/spot options reduce cost.
• Elasticity: Scale up/down instantly for seasonal or unpredictable demand.
• Speed to value: Provision services in minutes; broad managed services portfolio.

Cons

• Shared responsibility: Provider secures the cloud; you secure what you deploy. Security is one of the main concerns associated with public cloud and has been highlighted by users and researchers alike (Srinivasan et al., 2020)
• Data residency & compliance challenges if regulations require strict locality or controls.
• Egress costs for moving large data out.

Common use cases

• Digital products with variable traffic (e‑commerce, media).
• Dev/Test and CI/CD pipelines.
• Analytics and AI workloads that benefit from on‑demand GPUs.

2) Private Cloud

Best for: Highly regulated data, consistent performance, and custom controls.

Pros

• Security & compliance control: Tailor network segmentation, HSMs, logging, and retention.
• Predictable performance: Dedicated resources; consistent latency.
• Customization: Fine‑tuned stacks (e.g., bespoke hypervisors, storage tiers).

Cons

• Higher TCO: CapEx for hardware, datacenter space, and staff.
• Scaling lead time: Procurement and capacity planning slow agility.
• Innovation pace: Fewer turnkey managed services than public cloud.

Common use cases

• Financial services core systems, healthcare EMR data, public sector workloads.
• IP‑sensitive R&D environments.
• Legacy systems tightly coupled to specific hardware.

3) Hybrid Cloud

Best for: Keeping sensitive data on private infrastructure while using public cloud for scale or specialized services.

Pros

• Flexibility: Place each workload where it fits best (policy, cost, latency).
• Bursting: Handle peak events by bursting from private to public.
• Resilience & DR: Replicate to another environment; failover options.

Cons

• Operational complexity: Identity, policy, networking, and observability must be unified.
• Data gravity: Moving large datasets between environments can be slow/expensive.
• Consistency: Achieving uniform security posture and IaC across estates requires discipline.

Common use cases

• Data stays private; analytics/ML run in public.
• Edge + central processing: process locally, aggregate in cloud.
• M&A or phased migrations where not everything moves at once.

Public vs Private vs Hybrid Cloud: To choose more easily, check the comparison table below:

A Simple Decision Path

1. Strict sovereignty or air‑gapped data? → Start Private, integrate to Hybrid later.
2. Highly variable demand and speed to market? → Public (with IaC + cost guardrails).
3. Mix of regulated + bursty workloads? → Hybrid with unified identity, policy, and observability.
4. Data gravity (10s of TB+ that must stay on‑prem)? → Private/Edge first, extend selectively.
5. Greenfield SaaS? → Public for speed and managed services.

Cost & Operations Considerations (TCO lens)

• Compute & storage: Public cloud OpEx vs. private hardware amortization.
• Networking: Watch egress/peering fees in public and interconnect for hybrid.
• People & process: Private requires platform ops; hybrid needs tooling for identity, policy-as-code, IaC, monitoring, and FinOps.
• Risk: Evaluate compliance penalties vs. agility benefits.
• Exit strategy: Prefer portable architectures (containers, Kubernetes, open data formats).

Practical Stack Patterns

• Public-first: Managed databases, serverless, object storage, CDN; IaC (Bicep/Terraform), centralized IAM, and budget alerts.
• Private-first: Virtualization platform + software‑defined storage + zero‑trust networking; automate with GitOps.
• Hybrid: Kubernetes spanning on‑prem and cloud; consistent secrets management; shared CI/CD; log/metric federation.

FAQ

Q1. Public vs Private vs Hybrid cloud: What is the main difference?
Public uses shared provider infrastructure, private is dedicated to one organization, hybrid combines both with portability and unified management.

Q2. Is hybrid cloud the same as multi‑cloud?
No. Hybrid mixes private + public, whereas Multi‑cloud uses more than one public provider. You can be both hybrid and multi‑cloud.

Q3. Which model is most cost‑effective?
For variable workloads, public cloud with right‑sizing and reserved pricing is usually cheapest. On the other hand, for steady, predictable loads at scale, private may be competitive if fully utilized.

Q4. Which is best for compliance?
Although, public cloud offer many certifications, private cloud gives maximum control. As a result, the right answer depends on your specific regulatory and data residency needs.

Q5. Can I migrate gradually?
Yes—start with non‑critical workloads in public cloud, keep sensitive systems private, and evolve to hybrid with unified identity, networking, and observability.

Q6. What are the biggest hybrid pitfalls?
Inconsistent security policies, hidden data egress costs, and fragmented monitoring. Use IaC, policy‑as‑code, and central logging/metrics to avoid them.

Q7. How do I avoid vendor lock‑in?
Use containers, Kubernetes, open data formats, and IaC frameworks. Favor services with portable APIs or plan abstractions carefully.

To conclude, if you are still unsure how to choose between Public vs Private vs Hybrid Cloud, you should ask yourself:

• What are my security and compliance requirements?
• How predictable is my workload?
• What is my budget for IT infrastructure?
• Do I need scalability and global reach?

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Whether you’re a startup founder, product manager, or curious developer, understanding cloud infrastructure is crucial in 2025. The cloud powers everything from mobile apps and websites to AI systems and global enterprises.

In this beginner-friendly guide, we’ll break down what cloud infrastructure is, how it works, why it matters—and how Antyxsoft Cloud helps you get started quickly and securely.

What Is Cloud Infrastructure?

Cloud infrastructure refers to the hardware and software components—like servers, storage, networking, and virtualization—that support computing resources delivered over the internet (a.k.a. “the cloud”).

Think of it like renting a supercomputer that you can scale up or down anytime—without buying physical hardware.

Core Components of Cloud Infrastructure

1. Compute
   Virtual machines (VMs), containers, or serverless functions that run your apps and services.
2. Storage
   Object, block, and file storage to hold your data (think: images, databases, backups).
3. Networking
   Secure ways for your apps, users, and data to connect globally with minimal latency.
4. Virtualization
   Splits physical servers into multiple isolated virtual environments—boosting efficiency and flexibility.
5. Security & Monitoring
   Firewalls, access controls, encryption, and real-time analytics to protect and manage infrastructure.

Cloud vs. Traditional Infrastructure

Benefits of Cloud Infrastructure

Getting Started with Antyxsoft Cloud

Antyxsoft Cloud makes it easy for beginners to launch infrastructure with confidence:

Tips for Beginners

1. Start Small – Deploy a simple website or app first
2. Understand Pricing – Watch resource usage and billing metrics
3. Use Tags & Labels – Organize cloud resources from the start
4. Enable Backups – Always protect your data
5. Secure Your Access – Use MFA, rotate keys, and monitor logs

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Built for Scale, Engineered for Reliability

At the core of Antyxsoft Cloud is a commitment to high-availability, elastic scalability, and global reach. From virtual machines and container orchestration to storage, networking, and DevOps tools — our cloud platform supports everything your tech stack needs to evolve and scale.

Key benefits:

• Elastic Compute – Auto-scale resources to handle demand spikes and reduce idle costs.
• Enterprise-Grade Security – End-to-end encryption, role-based access control, and compliance-ready environments.
• Global Network Backbone – Low-latency performance across regions, enabling seamless global operations.

Startup-Friendly. Enterprise-Ready.

Startups love our intuitive developer tools and cost-effective plans. Enterprises trust our enterprise-grade SLAs, advanced monitoring, and hybrid cloud support.

We make cloud adoption simple:

• Quick Deployment – Launch environments in minutes.
• Smart Tooling – Integrations with Kubernetes, Terraform, CI/CD, and more.
• Personalized Support – Our engineers work closely with your team to ensure success from day one.

Why Choose Antyxsoft Cloud Over the Giants?

While hyperscalers focus on volume, we focus on value and partnership. With Antyxsoft Cloud, you’re not just another customer — you’re a collaborator.

What sets us apart:

• Transparent pricing with no hidden fees
• Custom SLAs and architecture reviews for enterprises
• Localized support and dedicated account managers
• Continuous innovation with regular feature rollouts

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In this guide, we’ll explain what Kubernetes is, how it works, and why it matters — especially if you’re building on Antyxsoft Cloud.

What Is Kubernetes?

Kubernetes (often abbreviated as K8s) is an open-source container orchestration platform. It helps you deploy, scale, and manage applications that are packaged in containers—like Docker.

Originally developed by Google and now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), Kubernetes automates infrastructure tasks such as:

Key Concepts in Kubernetes

Why Use Kubernetes?

1. Scalability
   Automatically scale applications up or down based on traffic.
2. Self-Healing
   Detects and replaces failed containers automatically.
3. Efficient Resource Usage
   Packs containers tightly and schedules them intelligently.
4. CI/CD Integration
   Smooth rolling deployments, rollbacks, and automation.
5. Cloud Portability
   Run workloads on any cloud provider or hybrid setup.

Kubernetes on Antyxsoft Cloud

At Antyxsoft Cloud, we make running Kubernetes as easy as clicking a button:

• Fully Managed Kubernetes Clusters
• Preconfigured Networking and Ingress
• Autoscaling & Load Balancing
• Integrated Logging and Monitoring
• Secure-by-default Deployments

Whether you’re running 1 app or 100 microservices, Antyxsoft gives you the power of Kubernetes without the operational overhead.

Real-World Use Cases

• E-commerce apps handling traffic spikes
• Mobile backends with frequent updates
• AI/ML pipelines in containerized workflows
• SaaS platforms needing multitenant scaling
• DevOps teams running CI/CD pipelines

How to Get Started (Beginner Tips)

1. Start with container basics: Docker
2. Learn YAML — Kubernetes configuration language
3. Use Antyxsoft Cloud’s pre-built K8s templates
4. Explore kubectl — the Kubernetes command-line tool
5. Don’t forget to secure your clusters (RBAC, secrets, namespaces)

Conclusion

Kubernetes is the future of cloud-native app deployment. And with Antyxsoft Cloud, you don’t need to be an expert to start using it.

Try Kubernetes with confidence—fully managed, secure, and enterprise-ready.

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When you rent a Virtual Private Server (VPS), one of the first things you’ll need is a secure way to connect to it and manage it remotely. That’s where SSH, or Secure Shell, comes in.

SSH is a cryptographic network protocol that allows you to securely access and control a remote machine over an unsecured network. It’s the standard way system administrators, developers, and IT professionals manage Linux-based servers from anywhere in the world.

Unlike traditional remote access methods that may transmit data in plain text, SSH encrypts all communication between your local computer and the remote server. This ensures that sensitive information—such as login credentials, commands, and transferred files—remains private and protected from eavesdropping or tampering.

Whether you’re setting up a web server, deploying an application, or automating tasks on your VPS, SSH is an essential tool that gives you full control over your server environment—safely and reliably.

The SSH Daemon

Behind every secure SSH connection is a background service running on your server called the SSH Daemon, or sshd. This daemon is responsible for listening to incoming SSH connection requests, authenticating users, and managing encrypted sessions.

When you connect to your VPS via SSH, it’s the sshd process on the server that accepts your request, verifies your credentials (e.g., password or SSH key), and then grants you secure access to the system.

The behavior of the SSH Daemon is controlled by its main configuration file, located at: /etc/ssh/sshd_config. This file contains a wide range of settings that determine how SSH connections are handled—everything from which authentication methods are allowed, to which users can log in, to what port the service listens on.

After making changes to sshd_config, the SSH service must be reloaded or restarted for changes to take effect: systemctl restart sshd

Common SSHD Configuration Options

Here are some of the most commonly used and useful options in the sshd_config file:

• Port
  Defines which port sshd listens on (default is 22). Changing it can help reduce automated attack attempts.
• PermitRootLogin
  Controls whether the root user is allowed to log in via SSH. It’s good practice to disable this for better security.
• PasswordAuthentication
  Enables or disables login with a username and password. Turning this off enforces key-based authentication only.
• AllowUsers / DenyUsers
  Specifies which user accounts can or cannot log in via SSH.
• MaxAuthTries
  Limits the number of authentication attempts per session to prevent brute-force attacks.

When you enable ssh to your VPS it is crucial to take the time to review and configure the SSH Daemon settings can greatly improve your server’s security. Disabling root login, enforcing SSH key authentication, and limiting user access are simple but powerful steps toward hardening your system.

SSH Clients: How to Connect to a Linux Server

To establish an SSH connection to your VPS, you’ll need an SSH client—a program that initiates the connection from your local machine to the remote server. Depending on your operating system, there are different tools available, each with its own interface and features.

Let’s take a look at the most widely used SSH clients.

1. The ssh Command (macOS, Linux, Windows 10+)
   On Linux, macOS, and modern versions of Windows (Windows 10 and 11), the ssh command is built right into the terminal. This makes it the fastest and most convenient way to connect to your VPS.
   Basic Syntax:
   ssh username@server_ip
   You can also specify a custom port if your server uses something other than the defaultport 22 with the -p flag. For example: ssh username@server_ip
2. PuTTY (Windows)
   For Windows users who prefer a graphical interface, PuTTY is one of the most popular SSH clients. It’s lightweight, open-source, and easy to use.
   Key features:
   – Simple GUI for entering IP, username, and port
   – Support for saved sessions
   – Built-in key generator (PuTTYgen)
   – SSH tunneling (port forwarding)
   How to use it:
   1. Download and install PuTTY from the official site.
   2. Enter the IP address (or domain name) of your VPS in the “Host Name” field.
   3. Set the SSH port (default is 22).
   4. Click Open to connect.

Other Popular Clients

• Termius (Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android)
  A modern SSH client with a polished interface and cloud sync features. Great for managing multiple servers from different devices.
• MobaXterm (Windows)
  Combines an SSH client, X server, and many Unix tools in a single portable app. Ideal for advanced users working in a Windows environment.
• OpenSSH for Windows
  Available via the built-in Windows Terminal or PowerShell. Offers the same command-line ssh tool as Linux/macOS.

SSH Hardening: Securing Your Server Access

Out of the box, SSH provides encrypted communication between your device and your server. But to truly secure your VPS and reduce the risk of unauthorized access, you should harden your SSH configuration using industry best practices.

This includes disabling password authentication, limiting user access, changing default ports, and—most importantly—using SSH key-based authentication.

SSH Key Pairs: The Secure Way to Log In

SSH key authentication replaces traditional passwords with a much stronger and more secure login method. It uses a pair of cryptographic keys:

• Public Key – Placed on the server. ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
• Private Key – Stored securely on your local machine and never shared

When you attempt to connect to the server, SSH uses the private key to prove your identity—no password required.

Benefits of Using SSH Keys

• Stronger Security – Keys are extremely difficult to brute-force
• No Passwords Sent – Nothing sensitive is transmitted over the network
• Automation-Friendly – Great for scripts, backups, and deployments

How to Generate and Use SSH Keys

Step 1: Generate the key pair (on your local machine)

To generate a SSH key-pair the ssh-keygen command will be used.
Basic syntax: ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com"

• -t rsa: Use RSA key type
• -b 4096: Key length (4096 bits recommended)
• -C: Comment to identify the key

You’ll be prompted to save the key, usually in ~/.ssh/id_rsa and optionally set a passphrase for added protection.

Step 2: Copy the public key to your server

To copy the generated ssh key the ssh-copy-id will be used.
Basic syntax: ssh-copy-id user@your_server_ip
Alternatively, manually copy the contents of your id_rsa.pub file to the server’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.

Step 3: Log in using your key

After you successfully copy the public key to your VPS you can run ssh user@your_server_ip to connect to the server. If configured correctly, you’ll be logged in without entering a password.

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