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Sinai and Zion: A Treasury of Religious Thought and Faith in the Symbolic World of the Bible Paperback – October 7, 1987
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A treasury of religious thought and faith--places the symbolic world of the Bible in its original context.
- Print length240 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarperOne
- Publication dateOctober 7, 1987
- Dimensions5.31 x 0.55 x 8 inches
- ISBN-10006254828X
- ISBN-13978-0062548283
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Editorial Reviews
Review
From the Back Cover
A treasury of religious thought and faith--places the symbolic world of the Bible in its original context.
About the Author
Jon D. Levenson is Albert A. List Professor of Jewish Studies at Harvard University, the author of Creation and the Persistence of Evil, and associate editor of Harper's Bible commentary.
Product details
- Publisher : HarperOne
- Publication date : October 7, 1987
- Language : English
- Print length : 240 pages
- ISBN-10 : 006254828X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0062548283
- Item Weight : 2.31 pounds
- Dimensions : 5.31 x 0.55 x 8 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #544,757 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #542 in Hebrew Bible
- #701 in General History of Religion
- #916 in History of Religions
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- Reviewed in the United States on October 20, 2013Format: KindleVerified Purchase[Note to Readers: this review may seem top-heavy with bibliographic material. Given the number of informative reviews of this book, I've chosen to focus on its relation to the author's other books, and on the adaptation to Kindle of several of them. I hope that it will be useful.]
I was delighted to see that Jon D. Levenson's "Sinai & Zion: An Entrance Into the Jewish Bible" (Harper & Row, 1985; corrected paperback, 1987; HarperOne digital edition, May 2013) was available in Kindle format (and Kobo and Nook as well), alongside "Creation and the Persistence of Evil: The Jewish Drama of Divine Omnipotence" (Harper & Row, 1987; corrected, with a new Preface, Princeton University Press, paperback, 1994; HarperCollins EPub edition, October 2013) and "Resurrection and the Restoration of Israel: The Ultimate Victory of the God of Life" (Yale University Press, 2006).
I was particularly pleased about the first two, because I no longer have my paperback copies, and wanted to replace them -- and at a price closer to what I originally paid than the current list-prices for them.
Still awaiting digital publication are, among others by Levenson: "The Hebrew Bible, The Old Testament, and Historical Criticism: Jews and Christians in Biblical Studies" (Westminster / John Knox Press, 1993) and "The Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son: The Transformation of Child Sacrifice in Judaism and Christianity" (Yale University Press, 1993).
The most recent of his books -- and this is not a complete list of the others -- is "Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam" (Library of Jewish Ideas, 2012), which I have yet to read. It does have a Kindle edition.
The Kindle edition of "Sinai and Zion" is mostly well-executed, until one reaches the Scriptural and General indexes. They have been re-labelled as Lists of Searchable Terms: that is, the old page references are shown, but are not hyperlinked to their locations in the digital text. Instead, one is advised to use the list in conjunction with the Kindle search engine. The same is true of "Creation and the Persistence of Evil," although there the indexes are not re-labelled, and "Resurrection and the Restoration...," where even the advice to use the search engine is lacking.
I can understand HarperCollins, a commercial publisher, cutting corners a bit in preparing its own non-fiction for digital release; I am a bit more perturbed by Yale University Press doing the same thing, without even apologizing to the reader.
As will have been noticed from some of the titles, Levenson is interested in, among other things, comparative studies and the history of criticism.
"Sinai & Zion" and "Creation and the Persistence of Evil" include both, with observations on Christian theology and Christian-based historical criticism, and reflections on the general Jewish lack of interest in constructing theologies of the Hebrew Bible. Their main concern, however, is comparing inner-Biblical material; overlap in the central concepts makes the books a kind of thematic duology.
As the title indicates, "Sinai and Zion" is structured around the poles of Mt. Sinai (Revelation, Covenant, and People) and Mt. Zion (Temple, Promise, and King), which it has been fashionable to contrast in various ways.
One extreme is Paul's distinction between the Law (represented by Sinai) and Grace (represented by God's promises to King David), with the latter preferred. Sometimes the reading has been political, in which case Zion is held to represent Royalist innovations in Judah, while the Northern Kingdom of Israel adhered more faithfully to the "populist" Sinai Covenant.
It will be noted that such comparisons assume that one pole is good, the other less so, if not seen as simply bad.
Levenson begins with this distinction between the associations of the two mountains, but demonstrates, with well-chosen selections from the Psalms and some of the Prophets, that Zion imagery does not displace or usurp the symbolism of Sinai so much as it absorbs and extends it.
He also shows, from somewhat different perspectives in the two books, that both Zion and Sinai share "historicized" mythological themes, such as the victory of God over the forces of cosmic chaos, represented by the Sea, and human enemies (Egyptian, Assyrian, or other); and that Sinai and Zion share associations with the central Sanctuary (Tabernacle or Temple) of Israel. The working out of these similarities -- and of the real distinctions between the two mountains -- is the major theme of "Sinai and Zion."
- Reviewed in the United States on March 28, 2008Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseBen Kickert. Review of Jon D. Levenson, Sinai & Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible, New Voices in Biblical Studies (San Francisco, California: Harper Collins Publishers, 1985).
Sinai & Zion is Jon D. Levenson's contribution to developing a decidedly Jewish understanding of the Hebrew Scriptures by "delineate a theology of the Old Testament alone" (1). Levenson is qualified to do this as he himself comes from a Jewish background and is familiar with rabbinical tradition. His work has demonstrated remarkable resilience as it enters its third decade in print. In his approach, Levenson has opted to focus primarily on the message of Jewish tradition over and above historical criticism. Specifically, he follows the traditions associated with the two great mountains of Jewish history, Sinai and Zion, and the covenants that accompany them: the Mosaic covenant and the Davidic Covenant.
Levenson has arranged his work into three major parts. The first segment addresses the theology of Mount Sinai and the torah-centric ideology it produces in its teachings of covenant. The second segment outlines the importance of Mount Zion and the role the temple played in later Israelite faith. Finally, the third section addresses the relationship between these two locations and theologies and how they affect an understanding of Jewish faith as a whole.
The theophany at Mount Sinai is arguably the most important event in Jewish history. It is here the law is given, the nature of Israel as a people is established, the presence of God is granted, and the character of its people is outlined. In fleshing out a theology of Sinai in Part I of his book, Levenson focuses extensively on the covenantal ideology that developed out of the tradition. This understanding of covenant is the driving force behind the importance of Sinai.
For Levenson, the importance of the Sinaitic covenant is inescapably linked with its similarities to suzerain-vassal treaties of the Ancient Near East. For this conclusion, he relies heavily upon the work of George Mendenhall and others pertaining to Hittite treaties. Levenson argues, "The correlation ... cannot be coincidental. Israel has become the vassal of YHWH; YHWH has become the suzerain of Israel" (35). This relationship gives meaning to the entirety of the Mosaic covenant while employing a framework which is essential to Jewish theology. Levenson argues that Sinai sets the stage for how Israel views itself, its relationship with YHWH, its relationship with outsiders, even its relationship with other Gods. In sum, Sinai is to be understood as the mountain of identification and definition.
As Judaism develops, we find that the traditions surrounding Mount Zion slowly overshadow Mount Sinai. This transition is less about replacement and more about continuation according to Part II of Levenson's book. Wherein "Sinai was the mountain of Israel's infancy" (89), Zion becomes the symbol of Israel's maturity as a nation. The Sinaitic experience was rooted it the Mosaic Covenant and an understanding of suzerain-vassal treaties, but, Levenson contends, the Davidic covenant, which is central to the Zion experience is a covenant of grant carrying kingship implications. This distinction in covenant types alters the understanding of the interaction between YHWH and humanity; YHWH is bound while Israel receives.
According to the author, Zion differs from Sinai as it is clearly portrayed as a "cosmic mountain" (111). This distinction places Zion and the temple as a touching point for the divine and humanity. In essence, "Jerusalem is simply the earthly manifestation of the heavenly Temple" (140) that is connected with creation and perfection as it stands timelessly in the center of the world as a place of divine importance. Levenson utilizes exegesis of eight separate passages to illustrate the multi-faced purpose of Zion in connecting YHWH with Israel. The author summarizes the distinction between Sinai and Zion by noting that Sinai provides the possibility of meaningful history while Zion allowed meaning above history (141-2).
In his concluding segment, Levenson describes the relationship between Sinai and Zion as one of complex succession. He argues this succession was not primarily chronological with Zion replacing Sinai in importance, nor was it geographical with the North affirming Sinai while the South affirmed Zion. Rather, the theological underpinnings of these two traditions are complementary as each emphasizes a different aspect of Israel's relationship with YHWH. When described relationally, Zion "inherited the legacy of Sinai" (206) and in many ways continued the "Sinaitic experience on a new mountain" (206). For Levenson, Sinai establishes the people of God and their relationship with God, while Zion serves as a microcosmic touching point between humanity and divinity.
As with any concise treatment of theology, Jewish or otherwise, Levenson's work offers readers numerous strengths along with a few shortcomings. The most notable strength this work provides is the very approach that the author employs in engaging Jewish scripture. Levenson is able to offer his readers a fresh take on Jewish theology by addressing the task from a strictly Jewish perspective. Moreover, the author is also able to question historical Jewish approaches to the scripture when the traditional conclusions miss the larger picture. The organization of the text was logical and easy to follow as the author utilizes summary and textual division in a helpful manner. From a scholastic standpoint, Levenson successfully and skillfully employs myriad approaches as he combines historical, literary, exegetical, and philosophical understandings of Jewish theology. Finally, Levenson does a masterful job of portraying the role Sinai and Zion play in understanding YHWH and Israel and their interaction in history.
Numerous weaknesses are also apparent in reading Sinai & Zion. The most glaring is Levenson's inability to cast a picture of Jewish scripture and theology as a whole as his subtitle suggests is his intention. While his work provides an excellent account of Sinai and Zion in Jewish literature and does a fantastic job of illustrating the relationship between the two, he nonetheless fails to connect these two essential concepts to a coherent idea of the Jewish Bible. Perhaps this is more a fault of titling than of content. In this same vein, the author's conclusion lacks coherence and introduces more frivolous tangents than helpful summations.
With these critiques in mind, noting that most address the author's layout and aim rather than accuracy of content, there are several important ideas the author introduces that interact well with the whole of Old Testament scholarship. First, Levenson's treatment of the importance of covenant is admirable, especially as he places it in its Ancient Near East context of suzerain-vassal treaties and covenants of grant. This socio-historical interaction provides essential insights even if the reader disagrees with the implications he draws. Second, the author recognizes the overall action of YHWH in history as he connects the perfection of Eden with the place of Zion. This, coupled with his overall approach, provides an understanding of the people of God as they encounter the presence of God and seek the place of God.
In conclusion, Levenson's work in Sinai & Zion provides a fresh perspective on the two essential ideological locations and covenants in Jewish scripture. He weaves together an excellent account of the Jewish understanding of the two Mountains of God and the relationship that exists between them. His multi-faceted approach offers depth and insight despite the fact the book fails to paint a clear picture of Jewish scripture as a whole. In the end, its contribution is noteworthy especially in its offering of a decidedly Jewish approach to Israelite culture and Jewish scripture.
- Reviewed in the United States on May 22, 2014Format: KindleVerified PurchaseBrilliant work that will help students of the Bible and Judaism better appreciate the symbols and relationships in the ancient temple. I especially enjoyed his discussion of the covenant formulary and the links between the symbols of Sinai with the role of the temple.
- Reviewed in the United States on December 23, 2016Format: KindleVerified PurchaseGreat to have a Jewish scholars perspective on the cosmic mountain, the House of the God of Abraham, the holy mountain, the temple of the living God, the tree of life, sacred space, etc. Christians would benefit from realizing that temple worship is the theme of the Old and New Testaments. The scripture are, above all else, temple texts. This does not discount the atonement of Jesus Christ because he is the central figure of temple worship. Isaiah 2:1-5 and the book of Revelation are a couple examples of the overarching important of coming to the house of the Lord.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 1, 2025Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseExcellent subject matter but this is a DENSELY WRITTEN ACADEMIC TREATISE, NOT a book for the average layman. I hold a Bachelor's Degree and possess a respectable vocabulary, but it's necessary to have a large dictionary at hand to get through nearly every page of this. Nevertheless it is very informative and the author displays an impressive knowledge of the subject. An academic would justifiably rate this 5 stars.
- Reviewed in the United States on January 24, 2024Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseVery Good condition




















