Source: Global Working Hours.
This dataset contains comparable estimates of hours worked in 160 countries, including long-run time series in 87 countries. The cross-section file reports hours worked by age, gender, and other sociodemographic characteristics in 160 countries for the last year available. The panel file contains a more restricted number of indicators for the full database of about 2,500 country-years. The associated do-file reproduces the main figures and tables of the article.
World Human Capital Expenditure, 1800-2025
Source: Human Capital, Unequal Opportunities and Productivity Convergence.
The World Human Capital Expenditure (WHCE) Project is a research initiative to document, harmonize, and analyse long-run series on public and private spending on human capital. It compiles data from budget archives, statistical yearbooks, and historical records to build consistent cross-country time series from the 19th century to the present. The database covers all world regions from 1800 to 2025.
Individual Microdata on Voting Behavior in 55 Countries, 1948-2022
Source: Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities. A Study of Fifty Democracies, 1948–2020 and subsequent updates.
Methodological Note: Building the World Political Cleavages and Inequality Database.
This dataset reports harmonized individual microdata on voting behavior. It was constructed by compiling post-electoral and political attitudes surveys available in each country. The unit of observation is the country-year-individual. The main variables cover voting behavior, turnout, and the sociodemographic characteristics of voters in each election. More information can be found on wpid.world and in the methodological note. Complete computer codes and other complementary data files can be found here. The database was originally compiled in 2021. This version: January 2025.