Historical US prices for oil, natural gas, and coal from 1984 to March 2026. Prices are adjusted for inflation and are expressed on a per-energy content basis. Key historical events that cause changes to price are annotated.

This talk provides background and context for the rapidly changing political shift toward support for nuclear energy in Norway. The talk explains why the Norwegian political discussion has changed, based on increased energy demand, bans or restrictions on most other forms of energy production in the country, its very low carbon footprint, and its relationship with energy policy in the EU. Also includes basic information on how nuclear power is produced and how it could be used in a Norwegian electric grid.

Aluminium cold rolling is an energy-intensive process that has a substantial impact on CO₂ emis-sions and production cost, yet plant-level optimization remains challenging due to strong process nonlinearities and various operational constraints. This study develops a physics-consistent hy-brid model that combines a Stone–Hitchcock–Ludwik analytical rolling-energy formulation with a residual deep neural network to predict the daily electricity consumption of three single-stand cold rolling mills. Using plant raw data, the hybrid model achieves lower prediction errors than conventional data driven model and yields line-specific physical parameters that agree well with the observed behaviour of each mill. On this basis, an NSGA-II-based tri-objective optimization is carried out to minimise daily energy use, CO₂ emissions, and specific production cost (SPC) by adjusting pass-wise reduction and tension schedules and line-wise production allocation. Case studies on a representative operating... [more]

The attached table shows the raw experimental data used for Figure 2 in the conference paper.